Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based electrochemical sensors for the determination of catecholamine neurotransmitters – Review

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used for the modification of electrodes because of their native specificity for the intrinsic template molecules. The importance of catecholamines in the neurological and general well-being of every individual cannot be overemphasized. Disorders associated with the imbalance in catecholamine levels can be diagnosed with electrochemical sensors capable of their determination in the presence of other biological interferents in extracellular fluids. MIPs based sensors have been designed for selective and simultaneous determination of these catecholamines in the past decade. Efforts in this regard and details on the components and preparation of these MIPs were presented in this review.

Remediation of pharmaceuticals from contaminated water by molecularly imprinted polymers: a review

“…However, the application of covalent imprinting is restricted by the following drawbacks: (i) the limited choice of an appropriate monomer-template complex that can form a covalent bond with reversible behavior (Elugoke et al 2021 ); (ii) prolonged synthesis time due to slow rebinding kinetics; and (iii) the need for extreme effort to remove the template because of strong covalent interactions (Sajini and Mathew 2021 ).…”

Recent Trends in the Development of Carbon-Based Electrodes Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Electroanalysis

“…For MIP preparation there are various polymerization techniques used, their application depending on factors such as simplicity, time of preparation, the desired size of resultant MIP and shape [116].…”

“…Precipitation polymerization is a one-step technique similar to bulk technology, but it has the drawback of requiring about ten times more porogenic solvent and the benefit that the obtained particles have regular shapes. As the polymerization reaction progresses, the polymer precipitates out of the solution as its density becomes higher than that of the solvent [116]. For example, using this procedure FZD-and AZY-based MIPs were synthetized as follows: the reaction mixture containing the corresponding template, monomer (FZD, AMPS [18], AZY, MAA [27]), EGDMA and AIBN in acetonitrile [18] or methanol/acetonitrile (1/4, v/v) solution [27] was purged with nitrogen (10-15 min) to eliminate the oxygen and then magnetically stirred at about 60 • C for 24 h to perform the polymerization.…”

Towards Development of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Food and Drug Safety: Progress and Trends

“…However, most of the modifications are performed by simply adsorbing the nanomaterials on the electrode surface to obtain a large specific surface area and efficient electron transfer rate [ 14 , 15 ], and the physical adsorption is not reliable enough to give stable signals, thus it will result in a low reproducibility in measurements. For the detection mode, different electrochemical sensors can be constructed according to the distinct receptors of enzymes, antibodies, and aptamers, including enzyme sensors, immunoassays, and DNA sensors, to meet the requirements of analytes in complex samples [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Commonly, the sensing structures are built by physical adsorption depending on the interaction of Van der Waals force between receptors and electrode surface, which readily gives rise to non-specific adsorption with weak adsorption, and thus could lead to a decrease in the overall stability of electrochemical sensors [ 20 , 21 ].…”