Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles-based electrochemical sensor for determination of diazinon pesticide in well water and apple fruit samples

Abstract

In this research, an electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles for selective and sensitive determination of diazinon (DZN) pesticides was developed. The nanoparticles of diazinon imprinted polymer were synthesized by suspension polymerization and then used for modification of carbon paste electrode (CPE) composition in order to prepare the sensor. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods were applied for electrochemical measurements. The obtained results showed that the carbon paste electrode modified by MIP nanoparticles (nano-MIP-CP) has much higher adsorption ability for diazinon than the CPE based non-imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nano-NIP-CP). Under optimized extraction and analysis conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (95.08 μA L μmol(-1)) for diazinon with two linear ranges of 2.5 × 10(-9) to 1.0 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) (R (2) = 0.9971) and 1.0 × 10(-7) to 2.0 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) (R (2) = 0.9832) and also a detection limit of 7.9 × 10(-10) mol.L(-1). The sensor was successfully applied for determination of diaznon in well water and apple fruit samples with recovery values in the range of 92.53-100.86 %. Graphical abstract Procedure for preparation of electrochemical sensor based on MIP nanoparticles for determination of diazinon.

Molecularly imprinted polymers for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in complex samples

“…For this field of application, the major attracting feature of MIPs is their high stability in real media: they can operate in acid or alkaline conditions, at high temperature in aqueous or organic media… Different types of sensors were developed for OPPs such as piezoelectric sensors (QCM, SPR), optical sensors (fluorescence) and electrochemical sensors that are the most reported sensors as illustrated by the works summarized in Table 4. One case excepted, the molecule chosen as template for sensor developments was the target molecule that has to be detected in samples when applying the sensor [40,42,[44][45][46][47]53,66,82,83,[85][86][87][88][89][90][93][94][95][96]. In a unique case, DMPTABA was used as template to develop a sensor able to determine the presence of two compounds, acephate and trichlorfon by the same sensor [63].…”

“…Indeed, the interface adhesion between the MIP particles and the transducer surface can be poor and the response time can be extremely long due to a because of low mass transfer. Recently, an electrochemical sensor was developed by mixing MIP particles with graphite powder to prepare carbon paste electrode, showing that nanoparticles were better suited than micro particles to develop a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor [53]. Whatever the types of sensor, the film thickness controls the performance of the final sensor.…”

“…Most of the electrochemical sensors were based on the measurement of the current resulting from the reduction of the nitro group of some OPPs such as parathion [82,83,85,90], parathion methyl [90,93] and diazinon [53], the measured current being proportional to the amount of OPPs trapped by the MIP. When OPPs cannot be reduced, the sensors were based on the reduction of hexaferrocyanate that is affected by the OPP binding on the MIP film that alters the electron transfer through the film [63,66,88,89].…”

“…This selectivity can be improved for electrochemical sensors based on the reduction of nitro group because the measured signal cannot be affected by compounds that cannot be reduced in the same conditions. Among the studied parameters to enhance the sensitivity and the selectivity of the sensor response, there is the pH value of the sample when MAA was used as monomer [40,53,82,86,[94][95][96]. The incubation time is also generally studied to optimize the signal.…”

Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer via Visible Light Activated RAFT Polymerization in Aqueous Media at Room Temperature for Highly Selective Electrochemical Assay of Glucose

“…The difference could be due to the selective recognition sites in MIPs and NIPs. The more imprinted cavities, the higher initial current response of MIPs than that of NIPs . According to these results, 10 min was chosen as the optimal incubation time of the electrochemical sensors.…”