Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Abstract

The appearance of biological molecules, so-called biomarkers in body fluids at abnormal concentrations, is considered a good tool for detecting disease. Biomarkers are usually looked for in the most common body fluids, such as blood, nasopharyngeal fluids, urine, tears, sweat, etc. Even with significant advances in diagnostic technology, many patients with suspected infections receive empiric antimicrobial therapy rather than appropriate treatment, which is driven by rapid identification of the infectious agent, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance. To positively impact healthcare, new tests are needed that are pathogen-specific, easy to use, and produce results quickly. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors can achieve these general goals and have enormous potential for disease detection. This article aimed to overview recent articles dedicated to electrochemical sensors modified with MIP to detect protein-based biomarkers of certain infectious diseases in human beings, particularly the biomarkers of infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, COVID-19, Dengue virus, and others. Some biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) found in blood tests, are not specific for a particular disease but are used to identify any inflammation process in the body and are also under consideration in this review. Other biomarkers are specific to a particular disease, e.g., SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. This article analyzes the development of electrochemical sensors using molecular imprinting technology and the used materials’ influence. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.

Electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection: progress and opportunities

“…The receptor units of electrochemical protein biosensors are antigens or antibodies, including both natural antibodies and “plastic antibodies” (such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers 20 ). Electrochemical biosensors based on aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers for detecting protein biomarkers have been described in detail in the relevant literature 2 , 9 , 21 , 22 . This paper focuses on natural antibodies and antigen-based electrochemical protein biosensors for protein disease biomarker detection.…”

Fabrication of Cholesterol‐Imprinted Microspheres‐Based Metal‐Chelating Monomer for Cholesterol Recognition from Serum

“…[6] Possessing chemical and physical resilience to mechanical stress, pH variations, temperature fluctuations, and acid-base conditions, MIPs exhibit specific binding to both their original templates and related counterparts. With versatility spanning various domains, MIPs prove valuable as recognition elements for biosensors, [7,8] for drug delivery applications, [6] in solid-phase extraction processes, [9] and for analyzing ligand binding with artificial receptor systems. [10] The interaction between the functional monomer and the template is considered a crucial aspect encompassing metal coordination, non-covalent bonds, and covalent bonds.…”

Detectable quorum signaling molecule via PANI-metal oxides nanocomposites sensors

“…Conductive polymers (CPs) are considered successful alternative materials to MOx as sensitizers of organic molecules 27 , 28 . Indeed, CPs present the advantages of easy preparation through chemical or electrochemical procedures, and they can sense selective ions in various media (basic, acidic, and neutral) at room temperature 29 . Nevertheless, their long-term stability due to a moisture uptake need to be improved 30 – 33 .…”