“…For a typical biosensing surface, the surface of the electrode is modified with a bio-recognition element, which can be an antibody, aptamer, enzyme, peptide, or molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). [21][22][23][24] Using bio-recognition elements is challenging since these need to adapt to the extreme conditions that are generally faced by wearable sensors. Of these elements, the use of an antibody or enzyme is less encouraged since these are the most vulnerable entities outside their physiological conditions.…”