Molecular Tracer Characterization during COVID-19 Pandemic in Shanghai: Changes in the Aerosol Aqueous Environment and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

Abstract

The COVID-19 lockdown has opened a unique window for investigating aerosol formation and evolution with controlled anthropogenic emissions in urban areas. Here, variations of PM2.5 chemical compositions, gaseous pollutants, meteorological conditions, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) molecular tracers were monitored during three stages at an urban site (Pudong) and a suburban site (Qingpu) in Shanghai, which were defined as pre-COVID lockdown (PL), during COVID lockdown (DL), and after COVID lockdown (AL) in 2020. Abundances of pollutants during the same periods back in 2019 were also analyzed for a more comprehensive intercomparison and evaluation of the impact of the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on regional air quality. With the sudden cessation of anthropogenic activities during the lockdown, significant reductions in PM2.5 were observed compared to both PL in 2020 (32% in Pudong and 36% in Qingpu) and the DL period back in 2019 (31% in Pudong and 35% in Qingpu), which was accompanied by the significantly reduced PM2.5 components (29–44% and 14–44% reductions in sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, and elemental carbon for Pudong and Qingpu, respectively). In particular, with the reduced secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), the time series of SOA molecular tracers also underwent significant reduction that was characteristic to the lockdown. Amid the uncontrolled biogenic emissions and even slightly enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity during the 2020 DL period, controlling anthropogenic emissions exhibits synergistic effects on the reduction of SIA and SOA, which could be further attributed to the changes in the aerosol aqueous-phase environment, such as aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), ionic strength, sulfate content, and particulate NH4 +. Based on thermodynamic modeling, greatly reduced ALWC was observed during 2020 DL, which can prevent the partitioning of oxygenated organics into the condensed phase as well as the aqueous-phase formation of SOA. Higher ionic strength in 2020 DL may have a “salting-out” effect on gas–particle partitioning of oxygenated organics. The reduced SOA during 2020 DL at both sites can generally be reflected by the predicted heterogeneous reaction kinetics (γ) of the isoprene SOA formation pathway. Overall, our study showed a synergistic effect in suppressing SIA and SOA formation upon the reduction of anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown, which shed light on the importance of controlling anthropogenic emissions in regulating secondary aerosol formation in typical urban areas of East China.