Molecular testing and analysis of disease spreading during the emergence of COVID-19 in Macaé, the Brazilian National Capital of Oil

Feitosa, Natália Martins; Rodrigues, Bruno da Costa; Petry, Ana Cristina; Nocchi, Keity Jaqueline Chagas Vilela; Brindeiro, Rodrigo de Moraes; Zilberberg, Carla; Monteiro-de-Barros, Cintia; Mury, Flávia Borges; Souza-Menezes, Jackson; Nepomuceno-Silva, José Luciano; Silva, Manuela Leal da; Medeiros, Márcio José de; Gestinari, Raquel de Souza; Alvarenga, Alessandra da Silva de; Pozzobon, Allan Pierre Bonetti; Silva, Carina Azevedo Oliveira; Santos, Daniele das Graças dos; Silvestre, Diego Henrique; Sousa, Graziele Fonseca de; Almeida, Janimayri Forastieri de; Silva, Jhenifer Nascimento da; Brandão, Layza Mendes; Drummond, Leandro de Oliveira; Neto, Lupis Ribeiro Gomes; Carpes, Raphael de Mello; Santos, Renata Coutinho dos; Portal, Taynan Motta; Tanuri, Amílcar; Nunes-da-Fonseca, Rodrigo

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99475-7

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Age had the strongest effect on the positive rate, with a 5-year-old having half the odds ratio of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test of a 69-year-old individual. Although unclear why, this enrichment in positive test results with age among those experiencing COVID-19 compatible symptoms has been reported in other Brazilian states [ 49 , 50 ]. While older individuals are known to be more susceptible to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 symptoms [ 12 ], in order to explain the result it is necessary to assume that sampled symptomatic younger individuals were carriers of unknown respiratory pathogens with similar clinical outcomes, which would be circulating during the autumn and winter months of the study period (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial viruses).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

Pereira¹,

Araujo²,

Reis³

et al. 2022

Viruses

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RT-PCR testing data provides opportunities to explore regional and individual determinants of test positivity and surveillance infrastructure. Using Generalized Additive Models, we explored 222,515 tests of a random sample of individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the Brazilian state of Bahia during 2020. We found that age and male gender were the most significant determinants of test positivity. There was evidence of an unequal impact among socio-demographic strata, with higher positivity among those living in areas with low education levels during the first epidemic wave, followed by those living in areas with higher education levels in the second wave. Our estimated probability of testing positive after symptom onset corroborates previous reports that the probability decreases with time, more than halving by about two weeks and converging to zero by three weeks. Test positivity rates generally followed state-level reported cases, and while a single laboratory performed ~90% of tests covering ~99% of the state’s area, test turn-around time generally remained below four days. This testing effort is a testimony to the Bahian surveillance capacity during public health emergencies, as previously witnessed during the recent Zika and Yellow Fever outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

Pereira¹,

Araujo²,

Reis³

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Each sequenced sample was mapped into the municipality of Macaé using R 3.6.1. The Google Maps API was adopted from the R software package ggmap for geocoding as previously described [ 30 ], and samples were plotted every month (between April and August 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, our group provided detailed results of the SARS-CoV-2 distribution in Macaé and identified that COVID-19 cases in this city were male-biased, likely due to the prevalence of men as offshore workers [ 30 ]. Such studies of COVID-19 distribution in a local context are essential for understanding its macro effects on a specific region, enabling better decision-making for public health [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Spatiotemporal Genomic and Molecular Analysis of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Macaé, the Brazilian Capital of Oil

da-Costa-Rodrigues

Cheohen

Sciammarella

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus infection led to millions of deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hundreds of workers from several other Brazilian cities, as well as from other countries, arrive daily in Macaé to work in the oil supply chain, making this city a putative hotspot for the introduction of new viral lineages. In this study, we performed a genomic survey of SARS-CoV-2 samples from Macaé during the first outbreak of COVID-19, combined with clinical data and a molecular integrative analysis. First, phylogenomic analyses showed a high occurrence of viral introduction events and the establishment of local transmissions in Macaé, including the ingression and spread of the B.1.1.28 lineage in the municipality from June to August 2020. Second, SARS-CoV-2 mutations were identified in patients with distinct levels of COVID-19 severity. Third, molecular interactions of the mutated spike protein from three B.1.1.33 local samples and human ACE2 showed higher interactions than that of the wild-type spike protein from the ancestral virus. Altogether, these results elucidate the SARS-CoV-2 genomic profile in a strategic Brazilian city and further explore the functional aspects of SARS-CoV-2 with a characterization of emerging viral mutations associated with clinical data and the potential targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Some studies have presented evidence that antibody response may be different in children, adolescents, and adults, which potentially influences the clinical manifestations ( Weisberg et al, 2020 ). However, the causes of differential severity between ages remain unclear, presumably due to differences in the elicited immune responses ( Feitosa et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, gender is an important factor to be analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, gender is an important factor to be analyzed. Males are over-represented among patients with severe disease ( Wu & McGoogan, 2020 ; Feitosa et al, 2021 ). Finally, studies focusing on viral kinetics and antibody responses during the period of infection, as well as on the monitoring of COVID-19 patients for longer periods, are limited in the literature ( To et al, 2020 ; Takahashi et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The long-term dynamics of serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Sousa

Nogueira

Sales

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Objective To analyze the long-term dynamics of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and understand the impact of age, gender, and viral load on patients’ immunological response. Methods Serum samples were obtained from 231 COVID-19 positive patients from Macaé, in Rio de Janeiro state, in Brazil, from June 2020 until January 2021. The production of IgA, IgM, IgG, and IgE against S glycoprotein was analyzed using the S-UFRJ assay, taking into account the age, gender, and viral load. Results Analysis of antibody production over 7 months revealed that IgA positivity gradually decreased after the first month. Additionally, the highest percentage of IgM positivity occurred in the first month (97% of patients), and declined after this period, while IgG positivity remained homogeneous for all 7 months. The same analysis for IgE revealed that almost all samples were negative. The comparison of antibody production between genders showed no significant difference. Regarding the age factor and antibody production, patients aged ≥60 years produced almost twice more IgA than younger ones (17–39 years old). Finally, a relationship between viral load and antibody production was observed only for older patients. Conclusions Our work provides an overview of long-term production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting prolonged production of IgA and IgM antibodies for 3 months and continued IgG production for over 7 months. In addition, it identified a correlation between viral load and IgM titers in the older group and, finally, different IgA production between the age groups.

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Molecular testing and analysis of disease spreading during the emergence of COVID-19 in Macaé, the Brazilian National Capital of Oil

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

SARS-CoV-2 Spatiotemporal Genomic and Molecular Analysis of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Macaé, the Brazilian Capital of Oil

The long-term dynamics of serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

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