Molecular Systematics, Phylogeography, and the Effects of Pleistocene Glaciation in the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys Picta) Complex

Starkey, David E.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Burke, Russell L.; Forstner, Michael R. J.; Iverson, John B.; Janzen, Fredric J.; Rhodin, Anders G. J.; Ultsch, Gordon R.

doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00220.x

Cited by 109 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…In a major phylogeographic study of the widespread small North American freshwater Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta subspecies and C. dorsalis), Starkey et al (2003) found evidence of at least two independent range expansions into previously glaciated regions of North America, including massive extirpation and recolonization across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain region. The timing and extent of this recolonization was consistent with regional aridification as the last glaciers receded approximately 14,000 years ago, and Starkey et al (2003) tentatively proposed this paleoclimatological event as a major factor shaping genetic variation and evolution in Chrysemys.…”

Section: Climate and Habitat Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Rhodin¹,

Thomson²,

Georgalis³

et al. 2015

Chelonian Research Monographs

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ABsTrAcT. -We provide a first checklist and review of all recognized taxa of the world's extinct Pleistocene and Holocene (Quaternary) turtles and tortoises that existed during the early rise and global expansion of humanity, and most likely went extinct through a combination of earlier hominin (e.g., Homo erectus, H. neanderthalensis) and later human (H. sapiens) exploitation, as well as being affected by concurrent global or regional climatic and habitat changes. This checklist complements the broader listing of all modern and extant turtles and tortoises by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2014). We provide a comprehensive listing of taxonomy, names, synonymies, and stratigraphic distribution of all chelonian taxa that have gone extinct from approximately the boundary between the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, ca. 2.6 million years ago, up through 1500 AD, at the beginning of modern times. We also provide details on modern turtle and tortoise taxa that have gone extinct since 1500 AD. This checklist currently includes 100 fossil turtle and tortoise taxa, including 84 named and apparently distinct species, and 16 additional taxa that appear to represent additional valid species, but are only identified to genus or family. Modern extinct turtles and tortoises include 8 species, 3 subspecies, and 1 unnamed taxon, for 12 taxa. Of the extinct fossil taxa, terrestrial tortoises of the family Testudinidae (including many large-bodied island forms) are the most numerous, with 60 taxa. When the numbers for fossil tortoises are combined with the 61 modern (living and extinct) species of tortoises, of the 121 tortoise species that have existed at some point since the beginning of the Pleistocene, 69 (57.0%) have gone extinct. This likely reflects the high vulnerability of these large and slow terrestrial (often insular) species primarily to human exploitation. The other large-bodied terrestrial turtles, the 000e.2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5As an addition to the annual checklist of extant modern turtle taxa (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [TTWG] 2014), we here present an annotated checklist of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene turtle and tortoise species that existed in relatively recent times, prior to 1500 AD, during the history of the rise and global spread of humanity and concurrent global climatic and habitat changes. These species, recorded from archaeological and paleontological sites from the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs (Quaternary period), approximately the last 2.6 million years, are currently considered to be valid, and not synonymous with modern (post-1500 AD) taxa.These fossil species, including some unnamed taxa of indeterminate or undescribed generic or specific allocation, represent the majority of the chelonian diversity that has gone extinct relatively recently. Many of these taxa were likely extirpated by anthropogenic exploitation over the relatively long prehistory of earlier hominin (e.g., Homo erectus, H. neanderthalensi...

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Section: Climate and Habitat Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Rhodin¹,

Thomson²,

Georgalis³

et al. 2015

Chelonian Research Monographs

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show abstract

“…At the last glacial maximum, northern parts of the continent were covered by extended polar ice sheets, and the major mountain ranges were glaciated. Climatic conditions at times during the Pleistocene were most severe in the mountainous west, and there is also evidence of extreme aridification in the west and north central USA around 14 000 YBP (Starkey et al, 2003).…”

Section: North Temperate Zone: North America and Europementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, highland forest refugia in the Appalachians and the Ozark central plateau were probably important during the periods of high aridity (Starkey et al, 2003). Substantial barriers to gene flow have been the Mississippi (mainly effective during times of high sea levels), the mountain ranges and the uplifting of plateaux during the MiocenePliocene (Riddle and Hafner, 2006).…”

Section: North Temperate Zone: North America and Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Amphibian phylogeography: a model for understanding historical aspects of species distributions

2008

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Phylogeographic analysis has become a major tool for investigating historical aspects of biogeography and population genetic structure. Anuran amphibians are particularly informative subjects for phylogeographic research on account of their global distribution, high degree of population genetic structure and ease of sampling. Studies on all the world's inhabited continents have demonstrated the nature and locations of refugia, including the Gulf Coast in North America and the Mediterranean peninsulas in Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations; the importance of vicariance events such as the uplift of the Andes in shaping modern distributions; and colonization routes in temperate zones during postglacial climatic amelioration. Features identified as important to amphibian biogeography, notably mountain ranges, large rivers such as the Amazon and climatic fluctuations, are common to many other taxa. New analytical methods based on coalescent, Bayesian and likelihood approaches permit more rigorous hypothesis testing than has hitherto been possible and offer the prospect of even more detailed insights into species and population history in future work.

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“…Although the two populations have probably been separated for thousands of years, the generation number since last exchanging migrants could be comparatively low. Phylogeographic studies of mtDNA in other turtle species (e.g., Weisrock and Janzen 2000;Starkey et al 2003) suggest that current populations in the Midwest originated from the southern US and that dispersal occurred after the last glaciers retreated about 10,000 years ago. The allele set found in these two populations might, then, simply be representative of the ancestral southern US gene pool.…”

Section: Comparisons Between the Two Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Effects of a Persistent Bottleneck on a Natural Population of Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata)

Kuo

Janzen

2004

Conservation Genetics

Self Cite

137

105

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Human activities in the past few hundred years have caused enormous impacts on many ecosystems, greatly accelerating the rate of population decline and extinction. In addition to habitat alteration and destruction, the loss of genetic diversity due to reduced population size has become a major conservation issue for many imperiled species. However, the genetic effects of persistent population bottlenecks can be very different for long-lived and short-lived species when considering the time scale of centuries. To investigate the genetic effects of persistent population bottlenecks on long-lived species, we use microsatellite markers to assess the level of genetic diversity of a small ornate box turtle population that has experienced a persistent bottleneck in the past century, and compare it to a large relatively undisturbed population. The genetic signature of a recent bottleneck is detected by examining the deviation from mutation-drift equilibrium in the small population, but the bottleneck had little effect on its level of genetic diversity. Computer simulations combined with information on population structure suggest that an effective population size of 300, which results in a census population size of 700, would be required for the small population to maintain 90% of the average number of alleles per locus in the next 200 years. The life history of long-lived species could mask the accelerated rate of genetic drift, making population recovery a relatively slow process. Statistical analysis of genetic data and empirical-based computer simulations can be important tools to facilitate conservation planning.

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Molecular Systematics, Phylogeography, and the Effects of Pleistocene Glaciation in the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys Picta) Complex

Cited by 109 publications

References 62 publications

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians.

Amphibian phylogeography: a model for understanding historical aspects of species distributions

Genetic Effects of a Persistent Bottleneck on a Natural Population of Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata)

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