Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined

Abstract

Trochoidea are a large superfamily of morphologically and ecologically diverse marine gastropods. We present here an appraisal of the composition and relationships among trochoidean families based on molecular data, with an especial focus on the family Trochidae. Bayesian analyses of sequences from three genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI) including data from 162 vetigastropod species show that the gastropod family Trochidae (sensu Hickman & McLean (1990), Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Science Series, 35, 1–169) is not monophyletic. Recognition of Chilodontidae, Solariellidae and Calliostomatidae at the family level is supported. Our new, more limited, definition of Trochidae includes the subfamilies Stomatellinae, Lirulariinae and Umboniinae and redefined Trochinae, Cantharidinae and Monodontinae. Halistylinae are provisionally retained in the Trochidae based on previous morphological studies. As redefined, Trochidae are a predominantly shallow‐water radiation in the tropics and subtropics. Some subfamilies and genera previously included in Trochidae have been moved to an enlarged family Turbinidae. The family Turbinidae has been redefined to include Turbininae, Skeneinae, Margaritinae, Tegulinae, Prisogasterinae and most surprisingly the commercially important genus Tectus Montfort, 1810. The new definition of Turbinidae means that the family includes both predominantly shallow and deep‐water clades as well as genera that are distributed across the globe from the poles to the tropics. A greater range of habitat is now seen in Turbinidae than in Trochidae. The redefined Trochidae and Turbinidae, together with Solariellidae, Calliostomatidae and Liotiidae, make up the superfamily Trochoidea. Phasianellidae and Colloniidae are recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Phasianelloidea, and Angaria Röding, 1798 is recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Angarioidea. Placement of Areneidae into a superfamily awaits further work.

Relationships of the Triassic Eucycloidea Koken, 1897 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) to modern genera such as Pagodatrochus, Calliotropis and Euchelus, based on morphology of the early shell

“…Kano et al (2009) classified most genera of Eucyclinae sensu Hickman & McLean (1990) in Chilodontidae and Calliotropidae. The two were interpreted as sister tribes or as two subfamilies in Chilodontidae (Bouchet et al 2005, Williams et al 2008. Molecular data indicate that Calliotropidae are more closely related to Seguenziidae than to Chilodontidae.…”

“…Kano et al (2009) summarized that Vetigastropoda are an archaic and diverse group of Gastropoda, comprising several thousand living species. Their systematic interpretation has changed former classification schemes and reconstruction of phylogeny considerably due to the molecular analysis and by including data presented by Warén et al (2003), Geiger & Thacker (2005), Williams & Ozawa (2006), Kano (2008) and Williams et al (2008Williams et al ( , 2010. Hickman & McLean (1990) placing their main emphasis on the characters of living species suggested that the Eucyclinae represent a subfamily of the Trochidae, in turn a family of the Trochoidea.…”

Marine Mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 3. Gastropoda (Vetigastropoda - Littorinimorpha)

“…Molecular studies of Trochoidea and Turbinoidea are in the process of revitalizing their classification at present, and Williams & Ozawa (2006), Williams (2007) and Williams et al (2008) have recognized several new families. Cantharidella has usually been placed in a subfamily Gibbulinae, but Williams et al (2008:15) pointed out that the blue-green nacre that characterizes Trochidae Cantharidinae, as compared with the more usual colourless to pearly nacre of other trochoideans, is also present in Gibbula and Cantharidella.…”

Iheyaspira bathycodon new species (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea: Turbinidae: Skeneinae) from the Von Damm Vent Field, Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean

“…Bouchet, 2010 a, b;Sasaki et al, 2010). After redefining the Turbinidae, Williams et al (2008) remarked that it is hard to determine morphological characters that are typical of this family, and even suggested that the Skeneinae could be considered as a group distinct from (but most closely related to) Turbinidae (Williams et al, 2008). Morphological features of the Skeneinae shared with the new species include the monopectinate ctenidium and absence of any visible nacre.…”

“…Bouchet et al 2005, Kano, 2008. Bouchet et al (2005) were the first to rank Skeneinae as a subfamily of the Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815, an arrangement maintained by Williams et al (2008) in the newly-defined Turbinidae. To date, all turbinids endemic to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments belong to either Skeneinae or Margaritinae Thiele, 1924(Sasaki et al, 2010see Table 1).…”