Molecular signatures order the potency of topically applied anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with atopic dermatitis

Abstract

We detected significant clinical and tissue differences between agents, providing a novel approach to study the differential effects of topical formulations using a limited sample size.

Skin tape stripping: Which layers of the epidermis are removed?

“…Skin biopsies represent the gold standard for investigating skin immunology and biomarkers. 1 However, biopsies cause discomfort, bleeding, minor scarring, and, rarely, skin infections. Accordingly, noninvasive techniques are becoming increasingly popular in dermatological research.…”

T helper type 2 signatures in atopic dermatitis

“…[74][75][76] Topical steroids are effective in normalizing the levels of CCL17 and CCL22. 63,77,78 Notably, serum TARC levels are inversely correlated with corneal water content not only in mild AD patients but also in healthy controls. 79 Dendritic cells, especially Langerhans cells, are one of the major sources of CCL17 and CCL22 production upon IL-4 stimulation.…”

“…62 In line with this notion, topical steroids significantly improve clinical inflammatory signs and normalize transepidermal water loss in lesional AD skin because of the upregulation of FLG and LOR expression. 63 These improvements are associated with the downregulation of the Th2 signatures such as IL-13 and IL-31. 63 OVOL1 is an upstream transcription factor for FLG and LOR expression 29,64 and is one of the susceptibility genes for AD.…”

“…63 These improvements are associated with the downregulation of the Th2 signatures such as IL-13 and IL-31. 63 OVOL1 is an upstream transcription factor for FLG and LOR expression 29,64 and is one of the susceptibility genes for AD. 18 IL-4 is known to inhibit the activation of OVOL1 by interfering with its cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation.…”

The role of phosphodiesterase 4 in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and the perspective for its inhibition

“…Use of topical corticosteroids (TCSs), the mainstay of AD therapy, decreases acute and chronic signs of AD and pruritus and is effective in treating active inflammatory disease . However, use of TCSs is associated with adverse events (AEs) such as telangiectasia, striae, rosacea and acne, whereas prolonged application of moderate to potent TCSs is associated with skin atrophy .…”