Molecular signals governing cremaster muscle development: Clues for cryptorchidism

Szarek, Maciej; Li, Ruili; Vikraman, Jaya; Southwell, Bridget R.; Hutson, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.11.049

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Testicular descent into scrotum relies on a ligament called gubernaculums testis (GT). Many uncertain reasons prevent testicular descent, and the testicle remains in the abdomen or groin in cryptorchidism [16]. Meanwhile, the GT remains as a ligament and prevents the extension of the testicle into the scrotum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laparoscopic orchiopexy versus traditional inguinal incision orchidopexy for palpable undescended testes in cryptorchidism

Wang

Luo

2020

Preprint

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Background ： Laparoscopic orchidopexy (LO) has become a standard procedure for the treatment of nonpalpable undescended testes. Nevertheless, the use of LO for palpable undescended testes still remains controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of laparoscopic orchiopexy procedure on palpable undescended testes in children suffering from cryptorchidism. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for LO and traditional inguinal incision orchidopexy (TIO) carried out to treat palpable undescended testes. In total, 291 children aged 9 months to 96 months with either left or right side palpable inguinal canalicular testes were included. 170 patients received LO and 121 patients received TIO. Age, operative time and clinical outcomes of the patients were reviewed. Independent t test and Fisher’s exact test were performed by using the SPSS 25.0 software. Results: In the younger groups, the mean operative time (younger than 1 year old, 30.50±5.88 vs. 39.86±6.11 min; 1-2 years old, 34.43±6.65 vs. 40.23±8.74) and postoperative normal activity time (younger than 1 year old, 1.20±0.40 vs. 2.12±0.48 days; 1-2 years old, 1.58±0.50 vs. 2.02±0.43 days) of LO were significantly shorter than those in the TIO group ( P <0.05). The operative time of LO was significantly longer than that in the TIO group in older groups (aged>3 years old). 47 of 49 cases (95.9%) of patients aged less than 1 year old were treated by LO successfully. Among the patients aged 1-2 years, 80 of 86 cases (93.0%) successfully completed LO. Totally, 43 cases were transferred to inguinal incisions. Conclusion: LO is an appropriate choice for palpable undescended testes, especially in children younger than 2 years old. The percentage of successful LO decreased with the increasing age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laparoscopic orchiopexy versus traditional inguinal incision orchidopexy for palpable undescended testes in cryptorchidism

Wang

Luo

2020

Preprint

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“…It has been previously observed that, during the second, or inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent, the gubernaculum everts into the inguinal subcutaneous tissue and migrates towards the scrotum, pulling the testes along with it [7]. Mesenchymal cells of the gubernaculum undergo differentiation and proliferation, resulting in the formation of striated muscle which constitutes the cremaster [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mesenchymal cells of the gubernaculum undergo differentiation and proliferation, resulting in the formation of striated muscle which constitutes the cremaster [7]. This suggests that a critical functional alteration of the cremaster could impair physiological testicular descent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, an increased expression of the androgenic receptor in the cremaster muscle could decrease the androgenic effects on an undescended testis [6]. In addition to that, androgenic receptors blockade prevent β-catenin from entering the nucleus, leading to a reduction in myogenic proteins transcription and to decreased inter-cellular adhesion in the cremaster of an undescended testis [7]. Lastly, high levels of embryonic isoforms of muscle proteins in the cremaster are closely associated with cryptorchidism [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altered Integrins Expression of Patients Affected by Cryptorchidism

et al. 2018

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Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the expression of the integrin isoforms α7A and β1A, expressed by myogenic precursor cells, and α7B and β1D, expressed by mature muscle cells in the cremaster of patients affected by an undescended testis. Methods: Fifteen samples of cremaster were obtained from patients undergoing surgery for an undescended testis. Thirty control specimens of cremaster were harvested from patients with congenital hydrocele or inguinal hernia. Immunofluorescent analysis was carried out using anti-α7A, β1A, α7B, and β1D integrin antibodies. Sections were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: As compared with controls, a significant loss of a α7B (p = 0.0355) and β1D (p = 0.0069) integrins and a higher expression of α7A (p = 0.0003) and β1A (p = 0.0150) was detected in the cremaster of patients affected by an undescended testis. Conclusions: Our data document a critical alteration of the cytoskeleton of cremasteric smooth muscle cells in patients with an undescended testis. This might explain the altered function in smooth muscle cells in cremaster implied during testicular descent. We therefore speculate that the postnatal splicing of α7A to α7B and of β1A to β1D integrins is delayed. This could account for the common clinical scenario of spontaneous descent of the testes in the first months of life.

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“…This ligament is composed of primitive mesenchymal cells. These cells respond to hormonal cues that cause proliferation and differentiation into striated muscle that establishes the cremaster muscle (Szarek et al, 2014). In most species, including human, the complete descent of testes usually occurs prenatally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms of cryptorchidism development: update of the database, disease comorbidity, and initiative for standardization of reporting in scientific literature

Urh

Kunej

2016

Andrology

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SUMMARYCryptorchidism is a frequent urogenital abnormality that may be present at birth (congenital form) or develop later in life (acquired form). It represents 2-4% full-term male births. It has a potential effect on health; defects in testes descent usually cause impaired spermatogenesis resulting in reduced fertility and increased rates of testicular neoplasia, and testicular torsion. In our previous study, we developed a cryptorchidism gene database which consists of 217 genomic variations associated with development of cryptorchidism in seven mammalian species. The number of studies and study approaches in this field are increasing; therefore, update of the database was needed. The search of multi-omics data was performed and the updated database includes 280 genomic variations associated with cryptorchidism in seven species. The catalog has been complemented with additional data including: number of participants (patients/controls), race/ethnicity, clinical data (age period at diagnosis), congenital/acquired cryptorchidism, unilateral (left/right)/bilateral cryptorchidism, disease comorbidity, and disease ontology. Collected data revealed that cryptorchidism has been reported to be co-present with 150 comorbid conditions, including several syndromes, reproductive, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, dermatologic, mental, and bone disorders, deafness, and cancer. However, updating the database is time-consuming because of the heterogeneity of results and methodology in scientific literature. The field lacks a standardized format for reporting associations between genotype and phenotype which would enable faster development of the database, data integration, sharing, and facilitate biomarker development. Therefore, in this study, we updated a database of cryptorchidism genes and suggested a first step toward standardization of the format for reporting results of original as well as review studies which we suggest implementing into the scientific literature that reports genotype-cryptorchidism associations.

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Molecular signals governing cremaster muscle development: Clues for cryptorchidism

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Laparoscopic orchiopexy versus traditional inguinal incision orchidopexy for palpable undescended testes in cryptorchidism

Laparoscopic orchiopexy versus traditional inguinal incision orchidopexy for palpable undescended testes in cryptorchidism

Altered Integrins Expression of Patients Affected by Cryptorchidism

Molecular mechanisms of cryptorchidism development: update of the database, disease comorbidity, and initiative for standardization of reporting in scientific literature

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