Molecular screening approach to identify protozoan and trichostrongylid parasites infecting one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

El-Alfy, El-Sayed; Abu-Elwafa, Salah; Abbas, Ibrahim; Al-Araby, Moustafa; Al-Kappany, Y. M.; Umeda, Kousuke; Nishikawa, Yoshifumi

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105060

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Previous studies on EVs in camelids focussed on EVs in camel milk, which were shown to have anti-cancerous properties (Badawy et al, 2018). As PADs have been identified to play major roles in the regulation of EV release (Kholia et al, 2015;Kosgodage et al, 2017 and, including in host-pathogen interactions (Gavinho et al, 2019), such EV-mediated communication may be of great relevance also for addressing diverse zoonotic diseases identified in camels (El-Alfy et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)—Novel insights into camelid immunity

Criscitiello

Kraev

Lange

2020

Molecular Immunology

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A B S T R A C TPeptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which posttranslationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner, causing functional and structural changes in target proteins. Protein deimination causes generation of neo-epitopes, affects gene regulation and also allows for protein moonlighting. Furthermore, PADs have been found to be a phylogenetically conserved regulator for extracellular vesicle (EVs) release. EVs are found in most body fluids and participate in cellular communication via transfer of cargo proteins and genetic material. In this study, post-translationally deiminated proteins in serum and serum-EVs are described for the first time in camelids, using the llama (Lama glama L. 1758) as a model animal. We report a poly-dispersed population of llama serum EVs, positive for phylogenetically conserved EV-specific markers and characterised by TEM. In serum, 103 deiminated proteins were overall identified, including key immune and metabolic mediators including complement components, immunoglobulin-based nanobodies, adiponectin and heat shock proteins. In serum, 60 deiminated proteins were identified that were not in EVs, and 25 deiminated proteins were found to be unique to EVs, with 43 shared deiminated protein hits between both serum and EVs. Deiminated histone H3, a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, was also detected in llama serum. PAD homologues were identified in llama serum by Western blotting, via cross reaction with human PAD antibodies, and detected at an expected 70 kDa size. This is the first report of deiminated proteins in serum and EVs of a camelid species, highlighting a hitherto unrecognized post-translational modification in key immune and metabolic proteins in camelids, which may be translatable to and inform a range of human metabolic and inflammatory pathologies.

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confidence: 99%

Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)—Novel insights into camelid immunity

Criscitiello

Kraev

Lange

2020

Molecular Immunology

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“…From previously published studies, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. muris, C. bovis, Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV, and camel genotype have been detected in camels [19]. Among them, only two species of Cryptosporidium have been reported in China, namely C. andersoni and C. bovis [10,[12][13][14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryptosporidium infection of camel calves resulted in diarrhea and debility, while infected adult camels showed no symptoms [8]. Camels infected with Cryptosporidium have been reported in many countries, such as the United States, Australia, Czech Republic, Algeria, Iran, Egypt, and China [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. However, compared with other livestock animals, information on prevalence, species, genotype, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Xinjiang, Northwestern China

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium species are ubiquitous enteric protozoan pathogens of vertebrates distributed worldwide. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the zoonotic potential and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels in Xinjiang, northwestern China. A total of 476 fecal samples were collected from 16 collection sites in Xinjiang and screened for Cryptosporidium by PCR. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.6% (36/476). Six Cryptosporidium species, C. andersoni (n = 24), C. parvum (n = 6), C. occultus (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), C. hominis (n = 1), and C. bovis (n = 1), were identified based on sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified six C. parvum isolates as subtypes, such as If-like-A15G2 (n = 5) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1), two C. ubiquitum isolates, such as subtype XIIa (n = 2), and one C. hominis isolate, such as Ixias IkA19G1 (n = 1). This is the first report of C. parvum, C. hominis, C. ubiquitum, and C. occultus in Bactrian camels in China. These results indicated that the Bactrian camel may be an important reservoir for zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and these infections may be a public health threat in this region.

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“…Of the 39 valid species and approximately 70 host-adapted Cryptosporidium genotypes (which do not yet have species names), over 20 have been identified in human patients causing asymptomatic or mild to severe gastrointestinal disease [15]. So far, C. parvum subtype IIaA17G2R1 (a common zoonotic subtype reported in humans and animals worldwide), C. parvum genetically related to the C. hominis If subtype family, C. andersoni , Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV and a novel genotype (named “camel genotype”) have been confirmed in dromedary camels by PCR and sequencing [13, 16–18]. There is only one documentation of zoonosis linked with camels from Iran where 24 of 100 people in long-term contact with camels were found infected with Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Zoonoses Parasites Of Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little is known about the genetic characteristics of T. gondii genotypes infecting camels. Some surveys showed the occurrence of all three conventionally defined clonal lineages (Types I, II and III) in camel meat and milk [18, 54, 55]. All of these types have also been isolated from human patients [56].…”

Section: Zoonoses Parasites Of Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored

2019

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With a global population of about 35 million in 47 countries, dromedary camels play a crucial role in the economy of many marginal, desert areas of the world where they survive under harsh conditions. Nonetheless, there is scarce knowledge regarding camelsʼ parasite fauna which can reduce their milk and meat productions. In addition, only scattered information is available about zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans via contamination (e.g. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Balantidium coli, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi), as foodborne infections (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp. and Linguatula serrata) or by arthropod vectors (Trypanosoma spp.). Herein, we draw attention of the scientific community and health policy-making organizations to the role camels play in the epidemiology of parasitic zoonotic diseases also in the view of an increase in their farming in desert areas worldwide.

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Molecular screening approach to identify protozoan and trichostrongylid parasites infecting one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)—Novel insights into camelid immunity

Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)—Novel insights into camelid immunity

Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Xinjiang, Northwestern China

Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored

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