Molecular quantitative assay for esterase-mediated organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus

Degradation of Acephate and Its Intermediate Methamidophos: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways

“…The PON1-L55M and PON1-Q192R genotypes, the two most important coding region polymorphisms of PON1, are related to the occurrence of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Androutsopoulos et al, 2011). Through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, acetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE2) and esterase 1 (EST1) were found to be metabolic enzymes involved in the process of allogenic biological detoxification of organophosphate pesticides; increased synthesis of these enzymes can distinguish between organophosphorus-resistant and -susceptible populations (Brito et al, 2017). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, 3.1.1.7), isolated from Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is tolerant to organophosphate pesticides, and it can significantly improve the resistance ability of Schizaphis graminum (Gao and Zhu, 2002).…”

Background on the control of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus and the use of coumarin substances as an alternative

“…47 Mutations in the s4-5 gene of domain II of the sodium channel, given by conversion of glycine to valine at position 72, generate resistance to DDT and malathion 126 MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase): modifies the structure of acetylcholinesterase so that it is no longer affected by the insecticide. 121 Development of resistance to organophosphorus by modified acetylcholinesterase as a result of fluctuations in the increase in transcription of the achE2 and pAChE2 genes 48 RDL (resistance to dieldrin) is a mutation point that reduces the binding of dieldrin to the GABA receptor. 49 Alanine substitutions (A286S / L) in populations resistant to fipronil 49 Sequestration Metabolic enzymes increase considerably (up to 15% of the total body of the protein) and fixed to the insecticide, but the insecticide is not metabolized, that is, it is not sequestered.…”

10. Public-private partnership enabled use of anti-tick vaccine for integrated cattle fever tick eradication in the USA

“…A restriction fragment length polymorphism assay has been developed to detect resistance against pyrethroids in the carboxylesterase gene (Baffi et al 2007) as well as amitraz resistance in the octopamine/tyramine receptor (Baron et al 2015) and against organophospahtes and pyretrhoids (Faza et al 2013). Finally, Brito et al (2017) recently described a quantitative molecular assay to detect increases in synthesis of acetylcholinesterase 2 and esterase 1 in organophosphate-resistant strains of ticks in comparison to susceptible strains. In future, routine diagnositic analysis should be compulsory in areas of acaricide resistance to lessen the selective pressure and prevent spreading of resistant ticks to non-resistant areas.…”