Molecular profiling of the Mahanarva spectabilis salivary glands and phytohormonal response of elephant grass

Protein and phytohormone profiles of Mahanarva spectabilis salivary glands infesting different forages

“…Saraiva (2020) detected phytohormones in the salivary glands of M. spectabilis when the insects were fed with RX. Therefore, we can understand that the phytohormones present in the salivary glands could modulate defense responses in host plants.…”

“…In fact, Acevedo et al (2019) and Saraiva et al (2020) also showed that non‐protein components from insect saliva modulated defense responses in different plant species, including elephant grass. For fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda , the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (AS), and abscisic acid (ABA) were detected at concentrations of less than 5 ng per μl of saliva (Acevedo et al, 2019), while for Maharnava spectabilis , MeJA, AIA, and SA were observed at levels of approximately 5833 and 4000 ng per g of fresh glands, respectively (Saraiva et al, 2020).…”

“…In fact, Acevedo et al (2019) and Saraiva et al (2020) also showed that non‐protein components from insect saliva modulated defense responses in different plant species, including elephant grass. For fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda , the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (AS), and abscisic acid (ABA) were detected at concentrations of less than 5 ng per μl of saliva (Acevedo et al, 2019), while for Maharnava spectabilis , MeJA, AIA, and SA were observed at levels of approximately 5833 and 4000 ng per g of fresh glands, respectively (Saraiva et al, 2020). The amounts of phytohormones detected in salivary glands of M. Spectabilis (Saraiva et al, 2020) and from other insect tissues were higher than those found in their diets (P. Wu et al, 2019), suggesting that insects may be able to sequester these compounds selectively for re‐delivery to the plants.…”

“…For fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda , the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (AS), and abscisic acid (ABA) were detected at concentrations of less than 5 ng per μl of saliva (Acevedo et al, 2019), while for Maharnava spectabilis , MeJA, AIA, and SA were observed at levels of approximately 5833 and 4000 ng per g of fresh glands, respectively (Saraiva et al, 2020). The amounts of phytohormones detected in salivary glands of M. Spectabilis (Saraiva et al, 2020) and from other insect tissues were higher than those found in their diets (P. Wu et al, 2019), suggesting that insects may be able to sequester these compounds selectively for re‐delivery to the plants. Otherwise, insects or their associated symbionts may be able to synthesize them (P. Wu et al, 2019), despite the fact that transcriptome analysis of the salivary glands of the Sitobion avenae aphid did not indicate the prediction of expressed genes coding for phytohormone biosynthetic pathways in the insect transcriptome (Zhang, Fan, et al, 2017).…”

Recent Advances Clarifying the Structure and Function of Plant Apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases)

“…An example of this targeting was described in elephant grass, when it was attacked by the spittle bug ( Mahanarva spectabilis ), which has APY in its saliva. Both ATPase and ADPase activity was found in saliva collected from female spittle bugs, while male saliva samples only showed activity toward ATP [ 92 ]. The phytohormone response of elephant grass leaves, as evaluated by LC/MS, differed in response to mechanical damage and spittle bug infestation, showing that spittle bug saliva inhibited accumulation of jasmonic acid and zeatin levels.…”