Molecular Profiling of Athletes Performing High-Intensity Exercises in Extreme Environments

Malsagova, Kristina A.; Kopylov, Arthur T.; Stepanov, Alexander A.; Enikeev, Dmitry; Potoldykova, Natalia V.; Balakin, Evgenii I.; Pustovoyt, Vasiliy I.; Kaysheva, Anna L.

doi:10.3390/sports11020036

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Degradation of myofibrils ultimately leads to the release of 3-methylhistidine (3-Met-His), which could be quantitively measured in the urine and plasma [ 58 , 59 ]. Therefore, 3-methylhistidine (3-Met-His) is regarded as a biomarker for nucleotide breakdown and tissue homeostasis [ 60 , 61 ]. Apparently, the high-volume and low-intensity specific resistance training sessions during the preparatory period of strength-trained athletes might lead to high myofibrillar damage and z-disk disruption [ 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Metabolomics in High Performance Sports: Differences between the Resting Metabolic Profile of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes in Comparison with Sedentary Subjects over the Course of a Training Year

et al. 2023

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(1) Introduction: Little is known about the metabolic differences between endurance and strength athletes in comparison with sedentary subjects under controlled conditions and about variation of the metabolome throughout one year. We hypothesized that (1) the resting metabolic profile differs between sedentary subjects and athletes and between perennially endurance- and strength-trained athletes and (2) varies throughout one year of training; (2) Methods: We performed quantitative, targeted metabolomics (Biocrates MxP® Quant 500, Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria) in plasma samples at rest in three groups of male adults, 12 strength-trained (weightlifters, 20 ± 3 years), 10 endurance-trained athletes (runners, 24 ± 3 years), and 12 sedentary subjects (25 ± 4 years) at the end of three training phases (regeneration, preparation, and competition) within one training year; (3) Results: Performance and anthropometric data showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the groups. Metabolomic analysis revealed different resting metabolic profiles between the groups with acetylcarnitines, di- and triacylglycerols, and glycerophospho- and sphingolipids, as well as several amino acids as the most robust metabolites. Furthermore, we observed changes in free carnitine and 3-methylhistidine in strength-trained athletes throughout the training year; (4) Discussion: Regular endurance or strength training induces changes in the concentration of several metabolites associated with adaptations of the mitochondrial energy and glycolytic metabolism with concomitant changes in amino acid metabolism and cell signaling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Metabolomics in High Performance Sports: Differences between the Resting Metabolic Profile of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes in Comparison with Sedentary Subjects over the Course of a Training Year

et al. 2023

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“…Thus, elevation in the tyrosine level can be associated with energy requirements (fueling the TCA cycle). In addition, tyrosine can also be an indicator of exercise-induced adaptation and increased physical activity [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic and Proteomic Profiling of Athletes Performing Physical Activity under Hypoxic Conditions

Malsagova,

Kopylov,

Stepanov

et al. 2024

Sports

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Proteomic and metabolomic research enables quantitation of the molecular profile of athletes. Multiomic profiling was conducted using plasma samples collected from 18 male athletes performing aerobic activity (running) at high altitude. Metabolomic profiling detected changes in the levels of 4-hydroxyproline, methionine, oxaloacetate, and tyrosine during the recovery period. Furthermore, proteomic profiling revealed changes in expression of proteins contributing to the function of the immune system, muscle damage, metabolic fitness and performance, as well as hemostasis. Further research should focus on developing metabolic models to monitor training intensity and athlete adaptation.

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Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti‐ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs

Jędrejko,

Catlin,

Stewart

et al. 2024

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Emoxypine (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin B6. Emoxypine succinate is a registered drug in Russia and Ukraine under various trade names including Mexidol, Mexicor, and Armadin Long. Mexidol demonstrates antihypoxic and anti‐ischemic effects and also modulates metabolism. The use of Mexidol by Russian athletes has been confirmed in the past. Current use by athletes is unknown as this drug is not monitored or included in drug testing protocol. Metabotropic and antihypoxic effects of Mexidol were compared to the effects of meldonium or trimetazidine, both of which are included on the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List in category S4.4. Metabolic Modulators. The conjugation of emoxypine with succinate elevates the therapeutic effectiveness of the Mexidol formulation as succinic acid itself has important impacts to consider despite being a common food additive and drug excipient. Other succinic acid salts like ammonium succinate, found as dietary supplement, have been patented as performance enhancers. Available research on healthy subjects suggests that combinations of selected 3‐substituted pyridine derivatives with succinate including Mexidol and a related drug Cytoflavin can enhance the performance of athletes. Cytoflavin is a multi‐component formula containing meglumine sodium succinate, nicotinamide (vitamin B3), inosine (riboxin), and riboflavin. Other related succinate‐based drugs include Remaxol, Reamberin, and Cogitum. Mexidol and Cytoflavin and related substances exhibit similar biological effects as drugs on the WADA Prohibited List, and if they are used for performance enhancement by athletes, they could be worthy of consideration as prohibited substances in sport.

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Molecular Profiling of Athletes Performing High-Intensity Exercises in Extreme Environments

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Targeted Metabolomics in High Performance Sports: Differences between the Resting Metabolic Profile of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes in Comparison with Sedentary Subjects over the Course of a Training Year

Targeted Metabolomics in High Performance Sports: Differences between the Resting Metabolic Profile of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes in Comparison with Sedentary Subjects over the Course of a Training Year

Metabolomic and Proteomic Profiling of Athletes Performing Physical Activity under Hypoxic Conditions

Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti‐ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs

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