Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic confirmation of bovine trichomoniasis in aborted cows in Iraq

Abstract

Background and Aim: Bovine trichomoniasis, caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, is a venereal disease that is distributed in many countries, including Iraq. Compared with other abortive infectious diseases, prevalence of T. foetus is expected to be relatively low in the field by veterinarians. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of T. foetus in aborted cows by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and phylogenetic analysis of local T. foetus isolates was documented in the National Center for Biotechnology Information as the first sequenced isolates from Iraq. Materials and Methods: Vaginal fluids were collected from 62 aborted cows and examined by PCR. Data were reported for the following parameters: Vital signs (body temperature and respiratory and pulse rates), age (<4, 4–8, and >8 years), reproductive health status (premature calving, embryonic death, pyometra, and healthy newborn), breed (pure or crossbred), type of breeding (natural or artificial), bull-to-cow ratio (1:<10, 1:10–20, and 1:>20), contact of cow with bull(s) from other farmers (yes or no), and contact with stray animals (dogs and cats). Results: A total of 20.97% of aborted cows were positive for T. foetus. Phylogenetic analysis for 10 positive local T. foetus isolates demonstrated high identity with the Thai (MN560972.2) and Chinese (MH115435.1) isolates, with an identity range of 98.8%–99.5% and 98.6%–99.3%, respectively. Clinical data showed that the vital signs differed insignificantly between cows positive and negative for T. foetus. Prevalence and risk of infection increased significantly in <4-year-old, early calving, embryonic death, crossbred, and naturally inseminated cows that had direct contact with bulls from other farmers, and contact with stray animals. Fetal pneumonia and death of premature calves were significant among positive aborted fetuses. Conclusion: Tritrichomonas foetus is highly prevalent in aborted cows in Iraq and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated an identity between the local and global isolates, that is, Thai and Chinese, of cats. Keywords: bovine-sexually transmitted disease, natural insemination, polymerase chain reaction, Tritrichomonas foetus, Wasit province.

Comparative Analgesic Effect of Portulaca oleracea L. Extracted Apigenin and Diclofenac in Mice

“…To determine the impact of the parameters, the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (version 2018) programmer has been utilized in the data analysis. A significant comparison of means was conducted in this study by employing the least significant difference (LSD) test (ANOVA) (Gharban, 2023). The transient pain induced by high temperatures in the hot plate test is utilized to evaluate the analgesic effect of compounds that act both centrally and peripherally on the nervous system.…”

Efficiency of C-type natriuretic peptide on improvement of Iraqi local ram’s epididymal sperms

“…The t - test , One- and Two-Ways ANOVA in the GraphPad Prism Software ( version 6.0.1 ) were served to detect significant variation between the values of different study groups at p < 0.05. The study values appeared as Mean ± Standard Errors (M±SE) ( Gharban, 2023 ).…”

Molecular identification and phylogenetic confirmation of Sarcocystis species in slaughtered camels in Al-Najif province, Iraq

“…In accordance with the manufacturer instruction of the gSYAN DNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, South Korea), the DNAs were extracted from collected samples and examined directly by the Nanodrop System (Thermo Scientific, UK) to estimate the purity and concentration of these DNAs samples ( Gharban et al ., 2023 ). According to the manufacturer instructions of GoTaqTM Green PCR MasterMix Kit (Bioneer, Korea), the Mastermix tubes were prepared at a modified final volume of 25 μl (5 μl of DNA template, 2 μl of forward primer, 2 μl of reverse primer, 4 μl of Green PCR Mastermix, and 12 l of nuclease-free water) using one set of primers [(F: 5′-ATG GCG TAC AAC AAT CAT AAA GAA-3′) and (R: 5-ATA TCC ATA CCG CCA TTG CCC AT-3′)] targeting Cox1 gene at a product size of 1,058 bp ( Metwally et al ., 2020 ).…”

“…GraphPad Prism ( GraphPad Software Inc., USA ) Software was served to evaluate significant variation between results of this study using the one way-analysis of variance. Values were represented as percentages (%), and significant differences were p < 0.05 ( Gharban, 2023 ).…”