Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Hainan Province, China: High diversity and unique endemic genetic characteristics

Zhang, Tiemin; Ren, Guangxu; Zhou, Huanhuan; Qiang, Yu; Li, Jiaqi; Zhang, Yun; Li, Tingting; Zhou, Yunyun; Wang, Yuan; Lai, Xiuyi; Shen, Lei; Tan, Feng; Li, Rui; Li, Wenting; He, Jianxing; Zhao, Wei; Zhu, Chuanlong; Lü, Gang

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1007130

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have shown similar results, indicating that patients with diarrhea have significantly higher rates of E. bieneusi infection than those without diarrhea. People with diarrhea are more susceptible to infection [ 99 , 102 ] . Meanwhile, E. bieneusi infection is widespread and infectious for people with HIV, as well as for others with compromised immunity [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wang,

Li,

Yang

et al. 2024

Parasite

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of human E. bieneusi infection in endemic regions and analyze the various potential risk factors. A total of 75 studies were included. Among 31,644 individuals tested, 2,291 (6.59%) were E. bieneusi-positive. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi in the male population was 5.50%. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in different age groups was varied, with 10.97% in teenagers. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in asymptomatic patients (6.49%) is significantly lower than that in HIV-infected patients (11.49%), and in patients with diarrheal symptoms (16.45%). Rural areas had a higher rate (7.58%) than urban ones. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans was the highest (6.42%) at altitudes <10 m. Moreover, the temperate zone marine climate (13.55%) had the highest prevalence. A total of 69 genotypes of E. bieneusi have been found in humans. This is the first global study regarding E. bieneusi prevalence in humans. Not only people with low immunity (such as the elderly, children, people with HIV, etc.), but also people in Europe in temperate marine climates should exercise caution to prevent infection with E. bieneusi during contact process with animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wang,

Li,

Yang

et al. 2024

Parasite

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“…Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a genetically complex species. To date, at least 685 E. bieneusi genotypes, belonging to 13 distinct genetic groups, have been identified [ 19 ]. At least 106 E. bieneusi genotypes are found in humans [ 20 ], and genotypes D, EbpC, and Type IV are commonly reported in patients with E. bieneusi infection [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Shanghai, China

et al. 2023

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Background Opportunistic infections are a ubiquitous complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common opportunistic intestinal pathogens in humans. In China, despite the number of HIV/AIDS patients being extremely large, only a few studies have investigated opportunistic infections caused by intestinal pathogens in this patient population. The aims of this study were to elucidate the occurrence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods We collected fecal specimens from 155 HIV/AIDS patients (one from each patient). All of the specimens were examined for the presence of the pathogens by genotyping using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene for Cryptosporidium spp.; the triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase genes for G. duodenalis; and the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene for E. bieneusi. The Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were further subtyped by polymerase chain reacion and sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. Results Six (3.9%), three (1.9%), and eight (5.2%) HIV/AIDS patients were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. No statistical differences were observed in occurrence rate between the groups by gender, clinical symptom (diarrhea), and CD4+ cell count. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified: Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 2), Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 1), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1), and Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 2). Furthermore, two C. hominis subtypes (IeA12G3T3 and IaA28R4) were detected. Three G. duodenalis-positive specimens were successfully amplified and sequenced at the triosephosphate isomerase and β-giardin loci, which led to the identification of assemblages C and B, respectively. Seven genotypes (D, Type IV, EbpC, Peru11, EbpD, A, and I) were identified in E. bieneusi-positive specimens. Conclusions Our findings should increase awareness of AIDS-related opportunistic intestinal pathogens, and indicate the need for routine examination in clinical practice for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi. Homology analyses of the three intestinal pathogens at the nucleotide and/or amino acid levels indicated their zoonotic potential. Graphical Abstract

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Detection and genotyping of zoonotic microsporidia in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Ávalos,

Caballero-Gómez,

Matas-Méndez

et al. 2024

Medical Mycology

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Microsporidia is a diverse group of obligate, intracellular and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most frequently reported species in humans. Limited information is available about the presence and molecular diversity of microsporidian species in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. was investigated by molecular methods in wild and captive Iberian lynxes from Spain. Overall, E. bieneusi was detected in 3.2% (8/251) of the animals examined. None of the samples tested were positive for Encephalitozoon spp. Four known (D, EbfelA, PigEBITS7, and Type IV) and a novel (named as LynxSpEb1) E. bieneusi genotypes were identified. All the genotypes found belonged to the zoonotic Group 1 of E. bieneusi. This study provides the first genotyping data of E. bieneusi in Iberian lynx in Spain. Our result indicate that the Iberian lynx does not seem to play a relevant role in the epidemiology of Encephalitozoon spp., and that this endangered felid is likely acting as spillover host rather than a true reservoir of E. bieneusi. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the impact of this parasite in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.

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Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Hainan Province, China: High diversity and unique endemic genetic characteristics

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Molecular identification and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Shanghai, China

Detection and genotyping of zoonotic microsporidia in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

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