Molecular Phylogeny of Litostome Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) with Emphasis on Free-Living Haptorian Genera

Strüder‐Kypke, Michaela C.; Wright, André‐Denis G.; Foissner, Wilhelm; Chatzinotas, Antonis; Lynn, Denis H.

doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.03.003

Cited by 71 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…This result corresponds well with some recent molecular studies based on the 18S rRNA gene (e.g. Strüder- Kypke et al 2006;Gao et al 2008;Vďačný et al 2010Vďačný et al , 2011aVďačný et al , 2011bVďačný et al , 2014Rajter and Vďačný 2016) and is also corroborated by the specific length of stems and loops of helices II and III of the ITS2 molecule. Specifically, there are eight and 15 nucleotide pairs in helix II and III in rhynchostomatians, while seven and 14 nucleotide pairs in helix II and III in haptorians.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Interrelationships Between Free-living Litostomsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, already the first molecular studies about litostomatean phylogeny have uncovered rhynchostomatians and remaining free-living litostomateans (i.e. haptorians) to be independent lineages (Strüder- Kypke et al 2006;Gao et al 2008;Vďačný et al 2010Vďačný et al , 2011aVďačný et al , 2011b. Indeed, members of the subclass Rhynchostomatia exhibit some important ciliate plesiomorphic features: the aforementioned complex oral ciliature where circumoral kinety corresponds to paroral membrane and preoral kineties to adoral membranelles of other ciliates, the ventral cytostome located at the base of the proboscis, and anarchic fields produced during stomatogenesis (Vďačný and Foissner 2009;Vďačný et al 2010Vďačný et al , 2011aVďačný et al , 2011b.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Interrelationships Between Free-living Litostommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraints on Phylogenetic Interrelationships among Four Free-living Litostomatean Lineages Inferred from 18S rRNA gene-ITS Region sequences and Secondary Structure of the ITS2 molecule

Rajter

Vďačný

2017

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Abstract. We investigated interrelationships between four free-living litostomatean lineages, using 18S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences as well as the secondary structure of the ITS2 molecules. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the deep split of free-living litostomateans into Rhynchostomatia and Haptoria represented here by Haptorida, Pleurostomatida, and Spathidiida. This bifurcation is also corroborated by the signature of the rhynchostomatian and haptorian ITS2 molecules. Specifically, the consensus stems of helices II and III are longer by one base pair in Rhynchostomatia, while the terminal loops of both helices are longer by one or two nucleotide/-s in Haptoria. A close relationship of Pleurostomatida and Haptorida is favored by quartet likelihood-mapping and supported by a 5'-AG vs. CU-3' motif in the variable part of helix II and by two morphological apomorphies, i.e., meridionally extending somatic kineties and a non-three-rowed dorsal brush. Although monophyletic origin of Spathidiida is poorly supported in phylogenetic trees, the unique motif 5'-GA vs. UC-3' present in the consensus helix II stem could be an important molecular synapomorphy of spathidiids, apart from the ancestrally anteriorly curved somatic kineties and the three-rowed dorsal brush. The peculiar family Pseudoholophryidae has very likely found its phylogenetic home among spathidiids, as an early branching lineage.

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Section: Phylogenetic Interrelationships Between Free-living Litostomsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Phylogenetic Interrelationships Between Free-living Litostommentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Phylogenetic Interrelationships among Four Free-living Litostomatean Lineages Inferred from 18S rRNA gene-ITS Region sequences and Secondary Structure of the ITS2 molecule

Rajter

Vďačný

2017

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“…For example, based on electron microscopic studies of morphogenesis, it has been suggested that the prostome ciliates should be classified close to the oligohymenophoreans (Bardele, 1999;Baroin-Tourancheau et al, 1992;Fleury et al, 1992). Having been supported in some molecular phylogenetic investigations but rejected in others, the monophyly of the class Prostomatea has long been uncertain (Lynn, 2003;Stechmann et al, 1998;Strüder-Kypke et al, 2006;Wright and Colorni, 2002). In the present study, the monophyly of the class Prostomatea was not supported by the SSU trees.…”

Section: Prostome Taxacontrasting

confidence: 61%

Further insights into the phylogeny of two ciliate classes Nassophorea and Prostomatea (Protista, Ciliophora)

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2014

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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a b s t r a c tThe Nassophorea and Prostomatea are two of the key classes in understanding the morphological diversification and higher classification of the phylum Ciliophora. However, their phylogenetic relationships with other ciliate groups within the subphylum Intramacronucleata remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the small and large subunit (SSU and LSU) rRNA gene-based phylogeny of these groups with sequences of additional taxa including several key species. The results show that: (1) the class Nassophorea remains polyphyletic, with the microthoracids clustering with the Phyllopharyngea, whereas the nassulids represent a basal group of the CONthreeP superclade in the SSU tree; (2) the Prostomatea is not depicted as a monophyletic group in phylogenetic trees, and the monophyly of this class is marginally rejected by statistical tree topology tests; (3) the nassulid genus Parafurgasonia is more closely related to the family Colpodidiidae than to Furgasonia; (4) Paranassula, which was previously thought to be a nassulid, is phylogenetically related to the oligohymenophorean peniculids in both the SSU and LSU trees; (5) the microthoracid genus Discotricha does not group with the other microthoracids in either SSU or LSU trees; (6) the family Plagiocampidae is closely related to the prostome parasite Cryptocaryon irritans and to the family Urotrichidae in the order Prorodontida; and (7) the family Placidae, represented by Placus salinus, is sister to the family Holophryidae in the order Prorodontida. Based on the present data, we consider the genus Discotricha to be an unclassified taxon within the CONthreeP. We also propose resurrecting the order Paranassulida and classifying it within the subclass Peniculia, class Oligohymenophorea. Primary and secondary structure signatures for higher taxa within Phyllopharyngea and Nassophorea are supplied.

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“…Nucleotide sequences from two studies on Balantidium are on file at GenBank, one based on small subunit rRNA (AF029763) and the second based on internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (AF045030) (65,66,73). Sequencing was used to construct a phylogenetic tree placing Balantidium coli with the trichostome ciliates Isotricha spp.…”

Section: Molecular Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Current World Status of Balantidium coli

2008

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SUMMARY Balantidium coli is a cosmopolitan parasitic-opportunistic pathogen that can be found throughout the world. Pigs are its reservoir hosts, and humans become infected through direct or indirect contact with pigs. In rural areas and in some developing countries where pig and human fecal matter contaminates the water supply, there is a greater likelihood that balantidiosis may develop in humans. The infection may be subclinical in humans, as it mostly is in pigs, or may develop as a fulminant infection with bloody and mucus-containing diarrhea; this can lead to perforation of the colon. The disease responds to treatment with tetracycline or metronidazole. Balantidiosis is a disease that need never exist given access to clean water and a public health infrastructure that monitors the water supply and tracks infections. Its spread can be limited by sanitary measures and personal hygiene, but it is a disease that will be around as long as there are pigs. Immunocompromised individuals have developed balantidiosis without any direct contact with pigs, perhaps with rats or contaminated produce as a possible source of infection. For the clinician, balanatidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for persistent diarrhea in travelers to or from Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific islands, rural South America, or communities where close contact with domestic swine occurs. Warming of the earth's surface may provide a more favorable environment, even in the now-temperate areas of the world, for survival of trophic and cystic stages of Balantidium, and its prevalence may increase. Effective sanitation and uncontaminated water are the most useful weapons against infection. Fortunately, balantidiosis responds to antimicrobial therapy, and there have been no reports of resistance to the drugs of choice.

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Molecular Phylogeny of Litostome Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) with Emphasis on Free-Living Haptorian Genera

Cited by 71 publications

References 44 publications

Constraints on Phylogenetic Interrelationships among Four Free-living Litostomatean Lineages Inferred from 18S rRNA gene-ITS Region sequences and Secondary Structure of the ITS2 molecule

Constraints on Phylogenetic Interrelationships among Four Free-living Litostomatean Lineages Inferred from 18S rRNA gene-ITS Region sequences and Secondary Structure of the ITS2 molecule

Further insights into the phylogeny of two ciliate classes Nassophorea and Prostomatea (Protista, Ciliophora)

Current World Status of Balantidium coli

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