Molecular Phylogeny of Eastern Pacific Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence

Arndt, Allan; Moreno, Carlos Márquez; Lambert, Philip; Smith, Michael J.

doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0091

Cited by 116 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A fragment of COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) was amplified using primers from Arndt et al (1996) with PCR conditions described in Duran et al (2004). A fragment of the second coding region of the nuclear protein bindin was also analyzed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal genetic variability in the Mediterranean common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Calderón¹,

Turon

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In sedentary benthic invertebrates with pelagic larval stages, the genetic composition of individuals that recruit at a given site is determined by the interaction between factors such as nonrandom mating, differential reproductive success, dispersal ability, selective pressures, and environmental factors. We studied the temporal variation of genetic structure of several cohorts of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) collected over 2 consecutive years (2006, 2007) from a locality in the NW Mediterranean. Sea urchins bigger than ca. 1 cm in diameter were collected and aged using growth bands visible in the tests. Small recruits of the year were collected by scraping off algal substrates. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and a fragment of the nuclear gene of the gamete recognition protein bindin were sequenced for 374 and 316 urchins, respectively. Differentiation between cohorts was smaller than between spatially separated populations for both markers. Likewise, our results do not show a reduction of diversity within cohorts over time or a reduced diversity of the juveniles relative to adult populations. No significant changes in allelic frequencies were detected between cohorts for COI, indicating that sweepstake episodes-in which few individuals dominate reproductive events, resulting in high levels of genetic variance-are not common in this species. In contrast, a stronger signal of differentiation was found for bindin, with many pairwise comparisons among cohorts being significant. This differentiation was mainly due to positively selected codons in this gamete recognition protein, which suggests some degree of non-random mating in Paracentrotus lividus. This can be due to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the pool of gametes resulting in inter-cohort differences in the composition of bindin alleles that maximized fertilization. Our results indicate that processes occurring previous to fertilization are important in shaping the genetic structure of populations. This information is relevant if management plans are to be designed for this commercially interesting species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal genetic variability in the Mediterranean common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Calderón¹,

Turon

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The uncertainties in morphological species identification and discrimination have spawned and advanced the application of molecular genetic identification techniques, for example DNA barcoding [33][34][35][36][37][38]. Molecular genetic approaches have led to far more detailed and/or contrasting results on cryptic and sibling species when compared to the morphological species identification alone.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species identification of echinoderms from the North Sea by combining morphology and molecular data

et al. 2016

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Background: Taxonomic uncertainties in the morphological species identification and taxonomic revisions in individual groups are known for all echinoderm classes. These uncertainties in morphological species identification and discrimination have spawned the application of molecular genetic identification techniques. However, as the fundamental step to allow and ensure future molecular species identification, valid and comprehensive reference library entries comprising morphological and molecular species information together with various metadata are essentially needed. In our study we compare morphological and molecular genetic species identification techniques for representatives of North Sea echinoderm classes, i.e. the Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea.Methods: Individuals were sampled during different surveys in different regions of the North Sea, identified to species level based on morphological diagnostic features, and were genetically analysed using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Results and Discussion:The morphological determination revealed 32 species including one taxon determined only to genus level. In contrast to this, the COI analysis supported 34 monophyletic clades with pronounced differences between the intra-and the inter-specific genetic variability (a barcoding gap of 4.93 %) with highest intra-specific variabilities found in the ophiuroid species Amphiura filiformis, A. chiajei and Ophiura sarsii. In 94 % of the investigated species, morphological identification and COI sequence clusters were congruent whereas for two asteroid species we found an underestimated diversity. For Astropecten irregularis, one of the most common starfish species of the North Sea, we found two distinct and possibly depth-related clades, probably sibling species, differing by 11.1-11.9 % sequence divergences (p-distances). For two starfish individuals, morphologically identified as Henricia sanguinolenta, the COI analysis revealed two monophyletic clades, of which one was classified as H. cf. oculata by comparison to published sequences. Conclusions:This newly established sequence reference library for the North Sea Echinodermata allows and ensures future molecular species identification for various life-cycle stages including juveniles and meroplanktonic larvae and provides sequences for phylogeographic studies and the detection of sibling as well as cryptic species.

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“…McEuen's Cucumaria fallax is now identified as C. pallida (Lambert 1997). The phylogeny inferred for the species in Table 2 implies two independent evolutionary divergences between planktonic and brooded development (Arndt et al 1996). McEuen observed four other species from the same order, all with planktonic embryos and nonfeeding larvae, with egg diameters of 330-630 m and the times from two to four cells between l h and 1.75 h. Thus, for all dendrochirote sea cucumbers sampled from this region and observed at similar temperatures, the brooded embryos had longer cell cycles than the planktonic embryos.…”

Section: Other Divergences In Protection and Cell Cycles Of Embryosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and the Evolution of Cell-Cycle Durations of Embryos

2002

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Abstract. Embryos at low risk evolve slower development rates. In seven independent evolutionary contrasts for marine invertebrates (two in asteroids, three in gastropods, one each in phoronids and brachiopods) the more protected embryos had longer cell cycles from first to second cleavage than less protected planktonic embryos. Protected embryos had longer cell cycles even when protected eggs were smaller than planktonic eggs. In an eighth contrast, among tunicates, the embryonic cell cycle was unrelated to brooding and nearly proportional to egg size, but the literature provides examples of especially slow development in some brooding tunicates. The faster development of planktonic embryos is consistent with published estimates of greater mortality rates for planktonic larvae than for embryos in broods or egg masses. Examples from the literature for annelids, arthropods, holothuroids, and chordates also demonstrated longer embryonic cell cycles for more protected embryos with no consistent effect of egg size on cell-cycle duration. Longer cell cycles presumably reduce the benefits of protecting offspring because of longer exposure to whatever hazards remain, but slow development may permit compensating benefits. Hypothesized benefits of longer cell cycles include less maternal investment in rate-limiting materials, more or different transcription, and correction of errors. Such trade-offs are independent of feeding and growth and are influenced by parental protection.

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Molecular Phylogeny of Eastern Pacific Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence

Cited by 116 publications

References 16 publications

Temporal genetic variability in the Mediterranean common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Temporal genetic variability in the Mediterranean common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Species identification of echinoderms from the North Sea by combining morphology and molecular data

Risk and the Evolution of Cell-Cycle Durations of Embryos

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