Molecular phylogenetics of Haustrinae and Pagodulinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) with a focus on New Zealand species

Abstract

We investigated the relationships of the muricid subfamilies Haustrinae, Pagodulinae and the genus Poirieria using a molecular phylogenetic approach on a dataset of three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S and COI). These taxa form a well-supported clade within Muricidae. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that Poirieria is the sister group of Pagodulinae and that Axymene, Comptella, Pagodula, Paratrophon, Trophonella, Trophonopsis, Xymene, Xymenella, Xymenopsis and Zeatrophon are all worthy of genus-level rank within this subfamily. We propose the use of Enixotrophon for a group of species currently classified in Pagodula. The results also support a new taxonomic arrangement in Haustrinae. radula, accessory salivary gland, oesophagus, paraspermatozoa (in males) and bursa copulatrix (in females). Tan (2003) assigned species of Lepsiella Iredale, 1912, Lepsithais Finlay, 1928 and Haustrum Perry, 1811 to Haustrinae and treated Bedeva Iredale, 1924 as a subgenus of Lepsiella, a classification accepted by Barco et al. (2010). Lepsiella and Lepsithais are now considered to be synonyms of Haustrum (Beu , 2004) and the subfamily currently includes two genera and up to 10 species (depending on the author), geographically restricted to New Zealand and southern Australia, with the sole exception of Bedeva paivae (Crosse, 1864), which has been introduced by human agency to South Africa (Kilburn & Rippey, 1982), the Canary Islands and Madeira (Houart & Abreu, 1994). Barco et al. (2012) analysed the phylogenetic relationships of Southern Ocean muricids traditionally assigned to Trophoninae and investigated differences in radular and penial morphology of 12 genera. Evidence was found for a new subfamily, Pagodulinae, comprising seven genera, four of which were based on molecular data:

The varix: evolution, distribution, and phylogenetic clumping of a repeated gastropod innovation

“…The tree used in this paper was created based on expert opinion to merge and expand existing molecular and morphological phylogenies (Nützel, 1998;Colgan et al, 2007;Ponder & Lindberg, 2008;Barco et al, 2010Barco et al, , 2015Oliverio & Modica, 2010;Aktipis & Giribet, 2011;Dayrat et al, 2011;Puillandre et al, 2011;Simone, 2011;Strong et al, 2011;Zou, Li & Kong, 2011;Takano & Kano, 2014;Galindo et al, 2016), as a comprehensive gastropod phylogeny with sufficient resolution or sufficient varicate taxa is not yet available. Taxa were included either due to the presence of varices or as large or important avaricate groups to show where varices are absent.…”

A molecular phylogenetic framework for the subfamily Ocenebrinae (Gastropoda, Muricidae)

“…Molecular approaches have been used to test the monophyly of Muricidae and some subfamilies (Claremont et al 2008(Claremont et al , 2012(Claremont et al , 2013Barco et al 2010Barco et al , 2012Barco et al , 2015. The monophyly of Ocenebrinae was then confirmed, but the limited taxonomic coverage did not provide further information on supraspecific relationships within the subfamily.…”

“…, , ; Barco et al . , , ). The monophyly of Ocenebrinae was then confirmed, but the limited taxonomic coverage did not provide further information on supraspecific relationships within the subfamily.…”

<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>New taxa and new synonymy in Muricidae (Neogastropoda: Pagodulinae, Trophoninae, Ocenebrinae) from the Northeast Pacific</strong></p>

“…E. Scabrotrophon kantori n. sp. off Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, California, paratype LACM 3445; F. Warenia elegantula (Dall, 1907) Pagodulidae comprises 17 genera (Barco et al 2012(Barco et al , 2015. The family is diagnosed in part by sistergroup relationships of molecular phylogeny, in part by radular morphology.…”

“…Five additional clades -Coralliophilinae, Ergalataxinae, Muricopsinae, Rapaninae, and clade D of Ocenebrinae -are represented by one or two species each. Five major muricid clades do not occur at all in the temperate northeast Pacific: Aspellinae, Haustrinae, Muricinae, Typhinae, and clade C (Eupleura) of Ocenebrinae (for phylogenies see Barco et al 2010Barco et al , 2012Barco et al , 2015Barco et al , 2017. All five clades except the south-temperate Haustrinae are known from tropical to subtropical parts of the eastern Pacific.…”