Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography and character evolution inDyckia(Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae)

Flower and floral trichome morphology of species of Dyckia Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae), and their importance to species characterization and genus taxonomy

“…Dyckia racinae, which was also compared to D. selloa in its diagnosis (Smith 1988), resembles it only macromorphologically and floral characters are clearly distinct, especially those related to the corolla, the androecium and gynoecium. Apparently, this species, as well as D. ibicuiensis, represents a morphologically distinct group, in conjunction with D. choristaminea and other Dyckia species not analyzed in this study, while D. selloa, despite being morphologically similar to D. maritima and D. polyclada, presented an uncertain position, perhaps due to the absence of several morphological data, a similar condition pointed out by Pinangé et al (2016) as for Dyckia hebdingii, a species morphologically related to D. selloa and D. maritima with an uncertain position due to low statistical support. Although not originally included in Pryonophyllum, this species, like D. polyclada, can be grouped with D. maritima in the future, with more investigations of morphological characters and evaluation of its taxonomic utility and correlation with molecular data.…”

“…However, according to the same author, unresolved clades and polytomies make it more difficult to establish reliable groupings and the cause of this difficulty has been attributed to misidentification of specimens sampled, as well as problems with the specificity of molecular markers used, as well as by the probable recent radiation of the group. Pinangé et al (2016), in a recent paper, discussed probable infrageneric groupings in Dyckia, and mapped some important morphological characters using a polymorphic molecular marker. The authors corroborate the hypothesis of geographical clades, but emphasize the importance of additional morphological analyzes for poorly resolved subclades, especially of species from southern Brazil.…”

“…In our analysis, the connation of the stamens was found to be of comparative value, since free stamens are observed in species that are very distinct morphologically, which indicates a possible independent evolution of this character in the group. Similarly, the character state "stamens connate above the common tube", according to Pinangé et al (2016), would have evolved several times in the genus. In fact, the connation of filaments above the common tube, present in D. racinae and D. ibicuiensis reach the extreme in D. tubifilamentosa, a species from Northeastern Brazil, probably unrelated to such species, or any other dyckias (Wanderley et al 2014).…”

“…This genus is included in Pitcairnioideae, and presents unique morphological features within the subfamily, which allow for its circumscription as a monophyletic genus (Forzza 2001). This hypothesis was later confirmed by molecular studies, which have not yet solved the complex infrageneric relations between the species of this diverse genus (Krapp et al 2014), but have advanced in the proposition of hypotheses regarding the evolution of morphological characters and confirmed probable geographical groupings (Pinangé et al 2016).…”

Systematics of Vriesea (Bromeliaceae): phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear gene and partial plastome sequences

“…To overcome these problems, recent studies have increased the amount of analysed data either by increasing the number of molecular markers and their phylogenetic informativeness (e.g. more quickly evolving nuclear regions or even AFLP) or increasing the numbers of terminals (Krapp et al, 2014;Heller et al, 2015;Barfuss et al, 2016;Pinangé et al, 2016;Schütz et al, 2016;Goetze et al, 2017;Gomes-da-Silva & Souza-Chies, 2017;Leme et al, 2017;Maciel et al, 2018;Matuszak-Renger et al, 2018). Nevertheless, large and complex to delimit genera such as Tillandsia L. (741 species), Pitcairnia L'Heritier (408 species), Vriesea Lindl.…”