Molecular phylogenetic relationships among four species of the mangrove tree genus Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae), as revealed by chromosome and RAPD markers

Abstract

Analysis of karyotype, nuclear DNA content and RAPD markers were performed in four species of Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) of Bhitarkanika mangrove forests, Orissa, India. Detailed karyotype analysis revealing 2n=34 in B. cylindrica and 2n=36 in B. gymnorrhiza was reported for the first time and 2n=34 in B. parviflora and B. sexangula was confirmed. On the basis of the common types of chromosomes present among Bruguiera, two distinct groups were found; one consists of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula. The symmetrical karyotype with same chromosome types grouped B. cylindrica and B. parviflora together and presence of Type E chromosomes placed B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula in a separate group, suggesting their closer affinity in their respective group. Analysis of chromosome length, volume, INV and 4C DNA content confirmed this division. Nuclear DNA content was two-fold higher (~17.0 pg) in the second group than in the first (~8.0 pg). The amplification products generated through RAPD revealed 1-9 amplicons with size variations from 600 bp to 2 500 bp with 49.31% genetic similarity between B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula and 47.10% in between B. cylindrica and B. parviflora. The high copy number marker band (~ 1 100 bp) yielded in OPN-15 primer in B. parviflora the characteristic DNA marker, which was cloned and used as probes for assessment of genetic diversity, and demonstrated its close genetic affinity to B. cylindrica. B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula also produced similar marker bands of ~600 bp and ~2 200 bp in the same primer. All of the cytological, 4C DNA content and RAPD data confirmed the existence of two taxonomically distinct groups of Bruguiera: one consisting of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula as placed earlier (1862) in the tribe Rhizophoreae by Bentham and Hooker, on the basis of the flowering habits of Bruguiera. Genetically, the B. sexangula and B. gymnorrhiza group was found to be very closely, rather than distantly, related to B. parviflora and B. cylindrica. Our results demonstrate that molecular markers together with cytological evidence provide an effective tool to access the existing interspecific genetic polymorphism in mangrove species, to solve the taxonomic problems and to design their conservation strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 437-448. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Complete chloroplast genome sequences of five Bruguiera species (Rhizophoraceae): comparative analysis and phylogenetic relationships

“…The genus Bruguiera and other mangrove species, K. obovata , R. stylosa and R. x lamarckii , constituted a monophyletic branch of the clade Rhizophoraceae. Our phylogenetic result is consistent with morphological characters and previous phylogenetic results based on nuclear DNA markers and some chloroplast genes ( e.g ., matK and rbcL ) ( Schwarzbach & Ricklefs, 2000 ; Lakshmi, Parani & Parida, 2002 ; Sheue, Yong & Yang, 2005 ; Sahoo et al, 2007 ; Duke & Ge, 2011 ). For example, a phylogenetic tree was previously constructed using 34 land plant species including Bruguiera species ( B. cylindrica , B. exaristata , B. gymnorhiza , B. parviflora , and B. sexangula ) based on the rbcL gene and trnL-trnF spacer ( Schwarzbach & Ricklefs, 2000 ).…”

“…The phylogenetic result of these two sequences presented B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula in the same clade. Another phylogenetic tree was reported based on chromosome and RAPD markers in four Bruguiera species that clustered into two groups with B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula in one group, and B. cylindrica with B. parviflora in the other group ( Sahoo et al, 2007 ). These results confirm the close relationships of B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula .…”

Genetic diversity of Rhizophora mucronata in eastern region of Timor Island, Indonesia as revealed by RAPD

“…Amplification was performed in a thermocycler for 44 cycles with the following parameters: pre-denaturation at 94ºC for 5 minutes, followed by denaturation at 94ºC for 1 minute, annealing at 30ºC for 1 minute, and elongation at 72ºC for 2 minutes. The final extension was carried out at 72ºC for 8 minutes (Sahao et al 2007). The amplified product was checked using 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis.…”