Molecular pathogenesis of American Foulbrood: how Paenibacillus larvae kills honey bee larvae

Poppinga, Lena; Genersch, Elke

doi:10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.013

Cited by 41 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Currently, most of the studies on AFB have focused on the investigation of the mechanisms by which P. larvae kills the honeybee larvae . At the best of our knowledge, the mechanisms by which the prepupae defend themselves from P. larvae infection is less investigated .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This enzyme is involved in the antioxidant processes, so it is not to exclude that the bacteria could produce free radicals, for example during the degradation of the peritrophic matrix. In fact, P. larvae produces Pl CBP49, a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, causing the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides mediating chitin‐degradation via a metal‐ion dependent, oxidative mechanism .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteinase pattern of honeybee prepupae from healthy and American Foulbrood infected bees investigated by zymography

et al. 2018

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American foulbrood disease (AFB) is the main devastating disease that affects honeybees' brood, caused by Paenibacillus larvae. The trend of the research on AFB has addressed the mechanisms by which P. larvae bacteria kill honeybee larvae. Since prepupae could react to the infection of AFB by increasing protease synthesis, the aim of this work was to compare protease activity in worker prepupae belonging to healthy colonies and to colonies affected by AFB. This investigation was performed by zymography. In gel, proteolytic activity was observed in prepupae extracts belonging only to the healthy colonies. In the prepupae extracts, 2D zimography followed by protein identification by MS allowed to detect Trypsin-1 and Chymotrypsin-1, which were not observed in diseased specimens. Further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of these proteinases in the immune response of honeybee larvae and the mechanisms by which P. larvae inhibits protease production in its host.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteinase pattern of honeybee prepupae from healthy and American Foulbrood infected bees investigated by zymography

et al. 2018

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“…Over the last decade, considerable progress has been achieved in the identification and functional characterization of virulence factors of P. larvae ERIC I and ERIC II, the two genotypes which globally cause contemporary AFB outbreaks (Morrissey et al, 2015). These results led to a better understanding of the virulence differences and showed that the two genotypes follow different molecular strategies during the invasive phase of infection Poppinga and Genersch, 2015). Differential production of several secondary metabolites was demonstrated (Garcia-Gonzalez et al, 2014a,b;Hertlein et al, 2014;M€ uller et al, 2014;Sood et al, 2014) including paenilamicin, which is produced by P. larvae ERIC II only and was shown to suppress the growth of bacterial competitors in the larval gut (M€ uller et al, 2014; M€ uller et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxin Plx2A, a RhoA‐targeting ADP‐ribosyltransferase produced by the honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae

Ebeling

Fünfhaus

Knispel

et al. 2017

Environmental Microbiology

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The toxin Plx2A is an important virulence factor of Paenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American Foulbrood, the most destructive bacterial disease of honey bees. Biochemical and functional analyses as well as the crystal structure of Plx2A revealed that it belongs to the C3 mono-ADP-ribosylating toxin subgroup. RhoA was identified as the cellular target of Plx2A activity. The kinetic parameters (K , k ) were established for both the transferase and glycohydrolase reactions. When expressed in yeast, Plx2A was cytotoxic for eukaryotic cells and catalytic variants confirmed that the cytotoxicity of Plx2A depends on its enzymatic activity. The crystal structure of Plx2A was solved to 1.65 Å and confirmed that it is a C3-like toxin, although with a new molecular twist, it has a B-domain. A molecular model of the 'active' enzyme conformation in complex with NAD was produced by computational methods based on the recent structure of C3bot1 with RhoA. In murine macrophages, Plx2A induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization while in insect cells, vacuolization and the occurrence of bi-nucleated cells was observed. The latter is indicative of an inhibition of cytokinesis. All these cellular effects are consistent with Plx2A inhibiting the activity of RhoA by covalent modification.

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“…The underlying idea is that changes in gene expression can provide a sensitive indication of effects that will eventually negatively impact a variety of physiological systems. This approach also has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying tolerance or resistance to these stressors (see also [22, 23], this issue). For example, viral infections in developing honey bee pupae led to changes in expression of genes encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins, consistent with viral impacts on protein translation [24].…”

Section: Using Genomic Tools To Investigate the Effects Of Biotic Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

The power and promise of applying genomics to honey bee health

Grozinger

Robinson

2015

Current Opinion in Insect Science

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New genomic tools and resources are now being used to both understand honey bee health and develop tools to better manage it. Here, we describe the use of genomic approaches to identify and characterize bee parasites and pathogens, examine interactions among these parasites and pathogens, between them and their bee hosts, and to identify genetic markers for improved breeding of more resilient bee stocks. We also discuss several new genomic techniques that can be used to more efficiently study, monitor and improve bee health. In the case of using RNAi-based technologies to mitigate diseases in bee populations, we highlight advantages, disadvantages and strategies to reduce risk. The increased use of genomic analytical tools and manipulative technologies has already led to significant advances, and holds great promise for improvements in the health of honey bees and other critical pollinator species.

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Molecular pathogenesis of American Foulbrood: how Paenibacillus larvae kills honey bee larvae

Cited by 41 publications

References 48 publications

Proteinase pattern of honeybee prepupae from healthy and American Foulbrood infected bees investigated by zymography

Proteinase pattern of honeybee prepupae from healthy and American Foulbrood infected bees investigated by zymography

Characterization of the toxin Plx2A, a RhoA‐targeting ADP‐ribosyltransferase produced by the honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae

The power and promise of applying genomics to honey bee health

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