Molecular MRI of Thrombosis

Abstract

This review focuses on recent approaches in using targeted MRI probes for noninvasive molecular imaging of thrombosis. Probe design strategies are discussed: choice of molecular target; nanoparticle versus small-molecule probe; and gadolinium versus iron oxide imaging reporter. Examples of these different design strategies are chosen from the recent literature. Novel contrast agents used to image direct and indirect binding to fibrin have been described as well as direct binding to activated platelets. Emphasis is placed on probes where utility has been demonstrated in animal models or in human clinical trials.

In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis Using a Fibrin-Binding Positron Emission Tomographic Probe

“…In particular, fibrin-based MR probes have been extensively used in the past decade to detect thrombosis in both animal models and human trials. 11 However, one of the main limitations of molecular MRI is its low sensitivity which makes it challenging to detect low levels of target proteins. PET imaging has instead several advantages that make it suitable for cardiovascular applications, chief among them the high sensitivity and the ability to perform accurate quantification.…”

“…10 Among them, fibrin represents an ideal target due to its high specificity (present at high concentration in all clots but not in circulating blood) and high sensitivity (present in all thrombi whether arterial or venous, fresh or aged). 11 …”

18F-GP1, a Novel PET Tracer Designed for High-Sensitivity, Low-Background Detection of Thrombi

“…Limitations remain in the tests to diagnose venous clots in DVT and PE; an agent that could visualize both would be valuable (7). In addition, standard imaging modalities generally do not allow for reliable discrimination between fresh unstable thrombi and chronic organized thrombi.…”

Preparation and characterization of gadolinium-loaded PLGA particles surface modified with RGDS for the detection of thrombus

“…In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology and the continuing application of molecular probes, molecular imaging has experienced rapid development and achieved satisfactory results in targeting thrombi. 2 Compared with other imaging modalities, molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the advantages of nonionizing radiation, deep tissue penetration, and higher spatial resolution, has great potential for thrombus characterization. Moreover, the molecular information obtained from a contrast agent can be overlaid onto the inherent anatomical image to provide context.…”