Molecular Mimicry, Autoimmunity, and Infection: The Cross-Reactive Antigens of Group A Streptococci and their Sequelae

Cunningham, Madeleine W.

doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0045-2018

Cited by 84 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…It was reported that the infection of GAS is correlated with the production of antineuronal antibodies. The presence of streptococcal antineuronal antibodies can be associated with the neuronal damage as these antibodies interact with structures of the nervous system, as a result of the antibody mimicry [12,[144][145][146][147]. There is no significant correlation between the size of the basal ganglia and the severity of symptoms among the studied groups.…”

Section: Basal Ganglia and Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Alterations in the Nervous System and Gut Microbiota after β-Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A Infection—Characteristics and Diagnostic Criteria of PANDAS Recognition

Baj

Sitarz

Forma

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The objective of this paper is to review and summarize conclusions from the available literature regarding Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). The authors have independently reviewed articles from 1977 onwards, primarily focusing on the etiopathology, symptoms, differentiation between similar psychiatric conditions, immunological reactions, alterations in the nervous system and gut microbiota, genetics, and the available treatment for PANDAS. Recent research indicates that PANDAS patients show noticeable alterations within the structures of the central nervous system, including caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and striatum, as well as bilateral and lentiform nuclei. Likewise, the presence of autoantibodies that interact with basal ganglia was observed in PANDAS patients. Several studies also suggest a relationship between the presence of obsessive-compulsive disorders like PANDAS and alterations to the gut microbiota. Further, genetic predispositions—including variations in the MBL gene and TNF-α—seem to be relevant regarding PANDAS syndrome. Even though the literature is still scarce, the authors have attempted to provide a thorough insight into the PANDAS syndrome, bearing in mind the diagnostic difficulties of this condition.

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Section: Basal Ganglia and Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Alterations in the Nervous System and Gut Microbiota after β-Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A Infection—Characteristics and Diagnostic Criteria of PANDAS Recognition

Baj

Sitarz

Forma

et al. 2020

IJMS

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show abstract

“…Molecular mimicry and the consequent potential cross-reactivity following infections have been repeatedly described in humans. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Such cross-reactivity is not evident in experimental infections of primates. 13 Actually, following preclinical studies performed in primates [14][15][16][17][18] as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, 19 the reports declare that primate active immunization by pathogen vaccine administration is well tolerated and exempt of relevant events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical, Genomic, and Evolutionary Aspects of the Peptide Sharing between Pathogens, Primates, and Humans

Kanduc

Shoenfeld

2020

Global Medical Genetics

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Comparing mammalian proteomes for molecular mimicry with infectious pathogens highlights the highest levels of heptapeptide sharing between pathogens and human, murine, and rat proteomes, while the peptide sharing level is minimal (or absent) with proteomes from nonhuman primates such as gorilla, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. From the medical point of view, the data might be useful to clinicians and vaccinologists to develop and evaluate immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic approaches. As a matter of fact, primates seem to be unreliable animal models for revealing potential autoimmune events in preclinical testing of immunotherapies. In terms of genomics, the scarce or absent peptide sharing between pathogens and primates versus the massive peptide sharing existing between pathogens and humans lets foresee mechanisms of pathogen sequence insertion/deletion/alteration that have differently operated in mammals over evolutionary timescales. Why and how the human genome has been colonized by pathogen sequences and why and how primates escaped such a colonization appears to be the new scientific challenge in our efforts to understand not only the origin of Homo sapiens but also his autoimmune diseasome.

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“…Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), causes mild human infections such as impetigo and pharyngitis and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome [54][55][56][57][58]. Moreover, repeated GAS infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, such as acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease [59].…”

Section: Fn-binding Proteins From Streptococcus Pyogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibronectin and Its Role in Human Infective Diseases

Speziale

Arciola

Pietrocola

2019

Cells

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Fibronectin is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously detected in extracellular fluids and matrices of a variety of animal and human tissues where it functions as a key link between matrices and cells. Fibronectin has also emerged as the target for a large number of microorganisms, particularly bacteria. There are clear indications that the binding of microorganism’ receptors to fibronectin promotes attachment to and infection of host cells. Each bacterium may use different receptors which recognize specific fibronectin domains, mostly the N-terminal domain and the central cell-binding domain. In many cases, fibronectin receptors have actions over and above that of simple adhesion: In fact, adhesion is often the prerequisite for invasion and internalization of microorganisms in the cells of colonized tissues. This review updates the current understanding of fibronectin receptors of several microorganisms with emphasis on their biochemical and structural properties and the role they can play in the onset and progression of host infection diseases. Furthermore, we describe the antigenic profile and discuss the possibility of designing adhesion inhibitors based on the structure of the fibronectin-binding site in the receptor or the receptor-binding site in fibronectin.

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Molecular Mimicry, Autoimmunity, and Infection: The Cross-Reactive Antigens of Group A Streptococci and their Sequelae

Cited by 84 publications

References 184 publications

Alterations in the Nervous System and Gut Microbiota after β-Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A Infection—Characteristics and Diagnostic Criteria of PANDAS Recognition

Alterations in the Nervous System and Gut Microbiota after β-Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A Infection—Characteristics and Diagnostic Criteria of PANDAS Recognition

Medical, Genomic, and Evolutionary Aspects of the Peptide Sharing between Pathogens, Primates, and Humans

Fibronectin and Its Role in Human Infective Diseases

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