Summary Two highly phosphorylated vimentin-like proteins. pp58 and pp60. are expressed in macrophages activated in vivo to tumouricidal activity. Resident and elicited, non-tumouricidal peritoneal macrophages displayed low and intermediate levels of phosphorylated pp58 and pp60. respectively. C3H/HeN macrophages became tumouricidal after incubation with 01 |ig/mL A23I87 plus 10 nmol/L 12-phorbol 13-myristate acetate (PMA), or O'l (ig/niL A23187 plus 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and displayed increased phosphorylation of pp58 and pp60. LPS non-responder C3H/HeJ macrophages were nol tumouricidal nor did they show increased phosphorylation of pp58 and pp60 after incubation with LPS plus A23187 in vitro. C3H/HeJ macrophages. however, did become tumouricidal and expressed increased phosphorylation orpp58 and pp60 after incubation with A23187 and PMA. Addition of PGE2 (10"** mol/L), resulted in down-regulation of macrophage tumouricidal activity and decreased pp58 and pp60 phosphorylation. which was reversed by addition of indomethacin (10"'' mol/L) to cultures with PGE2. Phosphorylation increased within 5 min after adding activating stimuli while incorporation of [-'^S]-methionine into a 58 kD protein did not occur until 6 h later. No 60 kD protein synthesis was detected during the first 8 h after adding activating stimuli, indicating that previously synthesized proteins were phosphorylated during macrophage activation. These results signify a physiological role for the phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-associated pp58 and pp60 during macrophage activation to tumour cytotoxicity.