Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population

Abstract

Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.

Molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase in gram negative bacteria isolated from intensive care unit patients in Wasit province, Iraq

“…Results of culture showed colonies on MacConkey agar pink color with precipitation of bile salt around colonies, the refers to Escherichia coli isolates while results of biochemical tests for Escherichia coli were had given positive test for catalase, indole, methyl red, but negative for oxidase, voges-proskauer, simmon citrate, and TSI test showed A/A with gas , without H2S. This results diagnostic for Escherichia coli .Similar results was recorded by [12][13][14].…”

“…The results of the gene blaOXA 1(10%) were for E. coli, our study of this gene is consistent with the results of these studies [49,50] in Germany that contain this gene blaOXA ( 7% ) ; (14.9%) respectively. Correspond to the study in Wasit [14] whose result is (17.8%).As for the result blaOXA 1(100%), it was for Burkholderia cepacia . Our study is similar to the results of these studies [51,52] in the United States who carry this gene blaOXA (93% ) ; (100%) respectively .As shown figure (5) .However, TEM gene any positive results in all isolation bacteria in this study did not find.…”

Cortactin: A universal host cytoskeletal target of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial pathogens

“…Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes bloody diarrhea (Nasser et al, 2022). To enter host cells, the pathogen triggers signaling cascades, which result in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and internalization of the pathogen, followed by intracellular motility (Figure 2a).…”

The NEL Family of Bacterial E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

“…Genes encoding the structural components ( mxi-spa genes) and some effectors and regulators of the system are located in a 31 kb pathogenicity island termed the entry region [ 20 , 21 ] ( Figure 1 ). Shigella secretes about 30 effectors through this system, some involved in host cell invasion and some involved in dampening the host innate responses [ 22 ].…”