“…R edox imbalance between reactive species and endogenous antioxidants, which results in oxidative damage to biologic molecules and impairment in signaling pathways [(i.e., in oxidative stress (145)], has been widely implicated in many ailments, including central nervous system pathologies (46,51,61,122,219,330) [e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, (46), Parkinson's disease (219), bipolar disorder (330), Alzheimer's disease (61)], cardiovascular conditions (61,112), pulmonary conditions (65,153), diabetes (111,154), eye diseases (19,235), aging (290,323,236), cancer (52,70,317), radiation injury (220), pain=chronic morphine tolerance (89), Fanconi anemia (229). Reactive species, such as nitric oxide ( · NO), superoxide (O 2 ·À ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), peroxynitrite (ONOO -), and others have been widely recognized as signaling species that, by affecting redox-based cellular transcriptional activity, control inflammatory and immune responses and enhance secondary oxidative stress (27,47,96,151,188,273,276,298,335,336).…”