Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in clinically relevant enteropathogenic bacteria (Review)

Abstract

Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteropathogenic bacteria are a growing problem within the clinical environment due to their acquired tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics, thus causing severe illnesses and a tremendous economic impact in the healthcare sector. Due to its difficult treatment, knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms that confer this resistance are needed. The aim of the present review is to describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance from a genomic perspective observed in bacteria, including naturally acquired resistance. The present review also discusses common pharmacological and alternative treatments used in cases of infection caused by MDR bacteria, thus covering necessary information for the development of novel antimicrobials and adjuvant molecules inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Contents1. Introduction 2. Multidrug resistant enteropathogenic bacteria 3. Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance 4. Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance generation 5. Drugs and bacterial response 6. Mechanisms of antibiotics 7. Mechanisms of drug resistance 8. Treatment against multidrug-resistant bacteria 9. Conclusions

Combating antimicrobial resistance: the silent war

“…The acquired drug resistance is achieved through the transfer of genetic material by multiple mechanisms. It emerges via spontaneous mutations of microorganism or the obtain of new genetic material conferring drug resistance to the microorganism ( Durao et al, 2018 ; Gonzalez-Villarreal et al, 2022 ). Three primary mechanisms for such gene transfer horizontally: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.…”

“…This transfer occurs through the formation of a sex pilus, a plasmid is transferred in the recipient bacterium. In a single conjugation event, multiple there can be a few drug resistance genes located at the plasmid passing through the recipient bacterium, as a result, the recipient bacterium obtains the multidrug resistance ( Graf et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Gonzalez-Villarreal et al, 2022 ).…”