Molecular Mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas Immunity in Bacteria

Nussenzweig, Philip M; Marraffini, Luciano A.

doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-022120-112523

Cited by 128 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…This immediately raises the question on how the presence of multiple defense systems in a single bacterium affects its survival and phage resistance? Some defense systems were shown to be highly specific, while other can target multiple phages, like some Abi systems that sense general perturbations in the host metabolism, or DNA recognition systems that can adapt or evolve to interact with the new sequences [3,222]. Defense systems target different stages of the viral life cycle, and, in gener al, three lines of defense can be indicated: systems that affect cell surface to prevent phage adsorption and genome entry; systems that degrade phage genetic mate rial; systems that induce cell dormancy or suicide if the first two lines of defense were circumvented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses. Part II

Musharova

Severinov

2021

Biochemistry Moscow

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Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (for the scope of this review we will also consider viruses that infect Archaea). The constant threat of phage infection is a major force that shapes evolution of microbial genomes. To withstand infection, bacteria had evolved numerous strategies to avoid recognition by phages or to directly interfere with phage propagation inside the cell. Classical molecular biology and genetic engineering had been deeply intertwined with the study of phages and host defenses. Nowadays, owing to the rise of phage therapy, broad application of CRISPR-Cas technologies, and development of bioinformatics approaches that facilitate discovery of new systems, phage biology experiences a revival. This review describes variety of strategies employed by microbes to counter phage infection. In the first part defense associated with cell surface, roles of small molecules, and innate immunity systems relying on DNA modification were discussed. The second part focuses on adaptive immunity systems, abortive infection mechanisms, defenses associated with mobile genetic elements, and novel systems discovered in recent years through metagenomic mining.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses. Part II

Musharova

Severinov

2021

Biochemistry Moscow

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“…In the first stage, PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequences are identified by bacteria in the invading microbe and then integrates a part of their genome in its CRISPR locus. During the second stage, CRISPR express the entire loci and produces an RNA molecule called crRNA (short for CRISPR-RNA), which, along with Cas9 and other necessary proteins, form a hybrid with invading genomes and Cas9 cuts the genome [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This is how CRISPR works in prokaryotes and helps to protect the bacteria from foreign enemies.…”

Section: Prokaryotic Origin Of Crisprmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Tools: Insights into Technological Breakthroughs and Future Challenges

Mushtaq

Dar

Skalický

et al. 2021

Genes

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Genome-editing (GE) is having a tremendous influence around the globe in the life science community. Among its versatile uses, the desired modifications of genes, and more importantly the transgene (DNA)-free approach to develop genetically modified organism (GMO), are of special interest. The recent and rapid developments in genome-editing technology have given rise to hopes to achieve global food security in a sustainable manner. We here discuss recent developments in CRISPR-based genome-editing tools for crop improvement concerning adaptation, opportunities, and challenges. Some of the notable advances highlighted here include the development of transgene (DNA)-free genome plants, the availability of compatible nucleases, and the development of safe and effective CRISPR delivery vehicles for plant genome editing, multi-gene targeting and complex genome editing, base editing and prime editing to achieve more complex genetic engineering. Additionally, new avenues that facilitate fine-tuning plant gene regulation have also been addressed. In spite of the tremendous potential of CRISPR and other gene editing tools, major challenges remain. Some of the challenges are related to the practical advances required for the efficient delivery of CRISPR reagents and for precision genome editing, while others come from government policies and public acceptance. This review will therefore be helpful to gain insights into technological advances, its applications, and future challenges for crop improvement.

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“…It is naturally developed genome editing system of bacteria (Liu and Robinson, 2020). Bacteria recognize small fragment of phage genome and use them as a template to prepare CRISPR array (small fragment of DNA) (Nussenzweig and Marraffini, 2020). These CRISPR array develop memory in bacteria against viral genome for protection in future invasion (Westra and Levin, 2020).…”

Section: Genome Editing By Crispr Cas Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

CRIPSR Case System: Biological Role in Bacterial Virulence, Genome Editing and in Antimicrobial Resistance

Rizwan¹,

Arshad²,

Kashif³

et al. 2021

PUJZ

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The aim of the present review was to study about the CRISPR Cas system and there role in genome editing, bacterial virulence and antibiotics resistance. CRISPR Cas system is an integral part of prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) immune system that provides protection against viral infection. When bacteria recognize viral DNA inside it, bacteria incorporate small fragment of viral DNA into its genome at specific site termed as CRISPR locus. Insertion of viral DNA at CRISPR locus allows to remember, diagnose and clear the viral infection by the mechanism of sequence specific Adaptive Immunity. CRISPR Cas system is sustainable to combate with the mutation developed in viral genome that help viruses to escape from bacterial CRISPR Cas based immune system. CRISPR Cas system is a molecular mechanism of prokaryotic microorganism. It acts as bacterial natural adaptive immune system against phages, plasmids and foreign genomic elements. Mostly prokaryotes uses their CRIPR Cas system to enhance the integrity of their cell membrane that inhibit the permeability of antimicrobials from host body into the bacterial cells. CRISPR Cas system also help bacteria to evade from the host immune system by suppressing the activity of their immune receptors e.g. TLR. CRISPR Cas system also help bacteria to attach with the host body and replicate with in host body. It can develop antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria, enhance their pathogenicity and can survival in host body.Novelty Statement | CRISPR Cas system is an integral part of prokaryotic immune system that provides protection against viral infection and involved in genome editing, bacterial virulence and antibiotics resistance.

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Molecular Mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas Immunity in Bacteria

Cited by 128 publications

References 176 publications

Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses. Part II

Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses. Part II

CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Tools: Insights into Technological Breakthroughs and Future Challenges

CRIPSR Case System: Biological Role in Bacterial Virulence, Genome Editing and in Antimicrobial Resistance

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