Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants

Abstract

Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.

Boosting photosynthetic machinery and defense priming with chitosan application on tomato plants infected withFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici

“…Two mechanisms have been documented by which chitosan protects plants against different phytopathogenic fungi (Lopez-Moya et al , 2019). The first one is the direct action by inhibiting mycelial growth, sporulation, and germination of conidia, mainly through membrane destabilization and cell wall weakening by interrupting the β-1,3 glucan synthesis (Divya et al, 2018;Kumaraswamy et al, 2018;Xing et al, 2018;Zou et al, 2016).…”

Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals as a Sustainable Alternative in Crop Protection

“…Chitosan also offers plant immunity and defense-eliciting properties by inducing the defense-related enzyme such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol-oxidase, catalase and peroxidase [73]. PAL is an enzyme that helps in catalyzation of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonium, in which the conversion can be regarded as a critical step in inducing the metabolism in a plant [74].…”

Keefektifan beberapa senyawa kimia sebagai agen penginduksi resistensi tanaman sawi terhadap penyakit bercak daun Curvularia

“…Kitin merupakan komponen dari sel tubuh jamur sedangkan tanaman tidak memiliki kitin, tetapi sudah banyak direview bahwa tanaman menghasilkan enzim kitinase sebagai alat perlawanan terhadap infeksi jamur (Lopez-Moya et al, 2019). Kitin memang sudah dikenal mampu menginduksi resistensi berbagai jenis tanaman terhadap patogen.…”

“…Kitin sebagai bahan penginduksi resistensi tanaman memiliki mekanisme kerja yang bervariasi. Selain merangsang terbentuknya perintang mekanis dan kimiawi juga dalam menyintesis molekul baru dan enzim yang terlibat dalam respon perlawanan tanaman, seperti asam jasmonat, dan asam salisilat (Lopez-Moya et al, 2019). Dalam beberapa kasus, kitin juga dilaporkan menginduksi reaksi hipersensitif di sekitar sel tempat infeksi akibat berakumulasinya senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terlibat dalam pertahanan tanaman, seperti lignin, kalose, fitoaleksin, pathogenesis-related protein, dan enzim-enzim PAL, peroksidase dan kitinase (Orzali et al, 2017).…”

“…Namun demikian, dari pengamatan secara umum, pertumbuhan tanaman yang diberi perlakuan dengan cara perendaman menunjukkan tanaman sawi memiliki lebih banyak daun dan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanaman yang diberi perlakuan secara penyemprotan. Pemberian bahan penginduksi yang tepat dilaporkan juga dapat meningkatkan hasil dan pertumbuhan tanaman, namun tidak diketahui apakah akibat tertekannya infeksi patogen atau oleh efek nutrisi (Kumar et al, 2018;Lopez-Moya et al, 2019).…”