Molecular Mechanisms of Carnation Flower Colors via Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways

Ozeki, Yoshihiro; Iijima, Luna; Higuchi, Kenji; Miyahara, Taira; Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Tsujimoto, Takashi; Abe, Yutaka; Matsuba, Yuki; Nishizaki, Yuzo; Suzuki-Wagner, Akane; Ogata, Jun; Itoh, Yoshio

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8261-5_8

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…This suggests that these genes may contribute minimally to anthocyanin synthesis. Ozeki et al (2020) suggested that another gene encoding PAL, C4H, and 4CL played an important role in anthocyanin synthesis, which was consistent with our results.…”

Section: Relative Expressionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Carnation has a large number of varieties with different flower colors that are attractive in the marketplace. Although some exceptional varieties of carnation with pale-green or pale-yellow flower color can accumulate small amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids in petals (Iijima et al, 2020;Ohmiya et al, 2014), the majority of carnation varieties mainly accumulate flavonoid pigments, and their flower color phenotypes are genetically regulated by genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (Geissman and Mehlquist, 1947). Most of these genes and those involved in the vacuolar transport of flavonoids have been identified and have been shown to play a dominant role in flower color variations (Dedio et al, 1995;Itoh et al, 2002;Mato et al, 2000Mato et al, , 2001Miyahara et al, 2018;Momose et al, 2013a, b;Nishizaki et al, 2011;Okamura et al, 2013;Sasaki et al, 2012Sasaki et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these genes and those involved in the vacuolar transport of flavonoids have been identified and have been shown to play a dominant role in flower color variations (Dedio et al, 1995;Itoh et al, 2002;Mato et al, 2000Mato et al, , 2001Miyahara et al, 2018;Momose et al, 2013a, b;Nishizaki et al, 2011;Okamura et al, 2013;Sasaki et al, 2012Sasaki et al, , 2013. The carnation genome project has provided considerable information on the genes involved in anthocyanin and flavonoid synthetic pathways (Yagi et al, 2014), and their detailed structures and estimated functions have been discussed by Ozeki et al (2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localized Repression of Two bHLH Genes is Involved in the Formation of White Margins and White Abaxial Surfaces in Carnation Petals by Inducing the Absence of Anthocyanin Synthesis

et al. 2022

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Flower color patterns are attractive traits of floricultural plants. However, the mechanisms underlying these traits remain mostly unknown. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and interspecific hybrids thereof exhibit many flower color patterns involving white margins on reddish petals, as observed in the cultivar 'Minerva'. Flowers with white margins also have white abaxial surfaces. We studied the factors regulating the formation of white margins and a white abaxial surface in flowers through analyses of pigments and related gene expression. HPLC analysis revealed an absence of anthocyanins in white margins, although the accumulation of other flavonoid pigments (flavonols) was almost identical between the dark-red central and white marginal regions of petals. RNA-seq analyses of the dark red central regions and white marginal regions of 'Minerva' petals resulted in the extraction of 18 genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and transportation, including some transcription factors, as candidate regulatory genes for the formation of white margins. Further analysis of the expression of these genes by real-time RT-PCR and a comparison of two white-margin-flowered cultivars and three red-unicolor-flowered cultivars indicated that the expressions of two bHLH transcription factor genes and seven structural genes were positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Although DcbHLH1, which is a homolog of JAF13 in Petunia ×hybrida, was expressed in both flower color groups, DcbHLH2, a homolog of AN1, was expressed only in white-marginal-flowered cultivars. Moreover, in the petals of 'Minerva', the expression of those nine genes was repressed in the abaxial epidermal layer without red pigmentation conferred by anthocyanins. Therefore, we could postulate that the localized repression of both bHLH genes is involved in the formation of white margins in carnation petals by inducing the absence of anthocyanin synthesis and that the white abaxial surface of the petals may result from similar regulatory mechanisms. In particular, DcbHLH2 could act as a key gene because of its restricted expression only in cultivars with white-margined flowers.

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Section: Relative Expressionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Localized Repression of Two bHLH Genes is Involved in the Formation of White Margins and White Abaxial Surfaces in Carnation Petals by Inducing the Absence of Anthocyanin Synthesis

et al. 2022

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“…To further understand the role of these MYB and bHLH genes during the color formation of carnation petals, we analyzed their expression in seven floral development stages (S1-S3 petals are colorless and S4-S7 petals have red margins), and in four floral stages of red flower and white flower of carnations. Previous studies show that genes such as DFR, ANS, and GT/AT also affect anthocyanin biosynthesis [32,33]. In our study, the DFR, ANS, and GT/AT genes in carnations are identified and their expressions increase with petal coloring (Figure 5).…”

Section: Expression Profiles Of Dcamybs and Dcabhlhssupporting

confidence: 60%

Genome-Wide Identification of the MYB and bHLH Families in Carnations and Expression Analysis at Different Floral Development Stages

Leng

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Carnations are one of the most popular ornamental flowers in the world with varied flower colors that have long attracted breeders and consumers alike. The differences in carnation flower color are mainly the result of the accumulation of flavonoid compounds in the petals. Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid compound that produce richer colors. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes is mainly regulated by MYB and bHLH transcription factors. However, these TFs have not been comprehensively reported in popular carnation cultivars. Herein, 106 MYB and 125 bHLH genes were identified in the carnation genome. Gene structure and protein motif analyses show that members of the same subgroup have similar exon/intron and motif organization. Phylogenetic analysis combining the MYB and bHLH TFs from Arabidopsis thaliana separates the carnation DcaMYBs and DcabHLHs into 20 subgroups each. Gene expression (RNAseq) and phylogenetic analysis shows that DcaMYB13 in subgroup S4 and DcabHLH125 in subgroup IIIf have similar expression patterns to those of DFR, ANS, and GT/AT, which regulate anthocyanin accumulation, in the coloring of carnations, and in red-flowered and white-flowered carnations, DcaMYB13 and DcabHLH125 are likely the key genes responsible for the formation of red petals in carnations. These results lay a foundation for the study of MYB and bHLH TFs in carnations and provide valuable information for the functional verification of these genes in studies of tissue-specific regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.

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Development of Violet Transgenic Carnations and Analysis of Inserted Transgenes

Nakamura

Suzuki

Shinbo

et al. 2020

Compendium of Plant Genomes

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Molecular Mechanisms of Carnation Flower Colors via Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways

Cited by 3 publications

References 81 publications

Localized Repression of Two bHLH Genes is Involved in the Formation of White Margins and White Abaxial Surfaces in Carnation Petals by Inducing the Absence of Anthocyanin Synthesis

Localized Repression of Two bHLH Genes is Involved in the Formation of White Margins and White Abaxial Surfaces in Carnation Petals by Inducing the Absence of Anthocyanin Synthesis

Genome-Wide Identification of the MYB and bHLH Families in Carnations and Expression Analysis at Different Floral Development Stages

Development of Violet Transgenic Carnations and Analysis of Inserted Transgenes

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