Molecular Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection in Pigs in Namibia

Molini, Umberto; Marruchella, Giuseppe; Matheus, Frieda; Hemberger, Yvonne Maria; Chiwome, Bernard; Khaiseb, Siegfried; Cattoli, Giovanni; Franzo, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/pathogens10050585

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, it is essential to point out that, although it was discovered in 2015, retrospective studies show that PCV3 was already present in 1993 in Sweden [14] and 1996 in Spain and China [15,16]. Currently, PCV3 is present on all continents (except Oceania) [13,15,17,18] and if we focus on the Americas, there are reports in the USA [13], Brazil [19], Colombia [20], Chile [21], and Argentina [22]. Regarding clinical manifestations, PCV3 has been found in asymptomatic [16,23,24] and in pigs with symptoms similar to those caused by PCV2, such as PDNS [13], respiratory [25,26], neurological [27], and enteric disorders [28], as well as in reproductive failure, including mummified fetuses, abortion, and stillbirth [13,29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019

2022

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Four genotypes of circovirus have been recognized in swine, with PCV2 and PCV3 being the most associated with clinical manifestations, while PCV4 does not have a defined disease. In addition, PCV2 is associated with different syndromes grouped as diseases associated with porcine circovirus (PCVAD), while PCV3 causes systemic and reproductive diseases. In the present study, we retrospectively detected PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in Colombia during two periods: A (2015–2016) and B (2018–2019). During period A, we evaluated stool pools from the 32 Colombian provinces, finding a higher prevalence of PCV3 compared to PCV2 as well as PCV2/PCV3 co-infection. Furthermore, we determined that PCV3 had been circulating since 2015 in Colombia. Regarding period B, we evaluated sera pools and tissues from abortions and stillborn piglets from the five provinces with the highest pig production. The highest prevalence found was for PCV3 in tissues followed by sera pools, while PCV2 was lower and only in sera pools. In addition, PCV2/PCV3 co-infection in sera pools was also found for this period. The complete genome sequences of PCV3 and PCV3-ORF2 placed the Colombian isolates within clade 1 as the majority in the world. For PCV2, the predominant genotype currently in Colombia is PCV2d. Likewise, in some PCV3-ORF2 sequences, a mutation (A24V) was found at the level of the Cap protein, which could be involved in PCV3 immunogenic recognition. Regarding PCV4, retrospective surveillance showed that there is no evidence of the presence of this virus in Colombia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019

2022

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“…The overall prevalence was significantly lower than that reported in high-income countries and the previous Ugandan study. None of the tested samples originating from industrial farms were positive, which suggests the effectiveness of biosecurity measures applied to control ASF but also preventing PRRSV introduction ( 8 , 34 ). This finding confirms what has already been reported for PCV-3 in Namibia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The presence and wide circulation of several swine pathogens have been documented in Namibia (5)(6)(7)(8). Nevertheless, no information is available on one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting the swine industry in high-income countries: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa

Molini,

Coetzee,

Hemberger

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionThe swine sector in Africa plays an important role in local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation and community subsistence. In addition, intensive farming is progressively becoming more important in the region. Therefore, any disease affecting swine populations can have detrimental effects on local communities. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the most important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide, but information on its epidemiology in Africa is extremely limited.Material and methodsIn the present study, 147 healthy butchered pigs, originating from 15 Namibian intensive and rural farms were tested by RT-PCR and the ORF7 genes of positive samples were sequenced for further genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, 55 warthogs were also evaluated using the same approach.ResultsOverall, 7 out of 147 pigs (4.76%) tested positive, all originating from 3 rural farms (with a within-herd detection frequency higher than 14%) characterized by strong epidemiological links. All industrial pig and warthog samples were negative. Sequence analysis revealed that all strains belonged to the Betaarterivirus suid1 species, previously known as PRRSV type I, and were likely imported from Europe at least 6 years ago, evolving independently thereafter. When and how the first introduction occurred could not be determined due to the absence of other African sequences for comparison.DiscussionThe present work provides the first detection and characterization of PRRSV molecular epidemiology in Namibia. Based on the present findings, the presence of the PPRSV appears marginal and limited to backyard farms. While biosecurity measures applied in industrial farms appear to be effective in preventing viral introduction, PRRSV circulation in rural settings still represents a potential threat, and considering the socio-economical implication of livestock diseases decreasing animal performances in rural areas, active monitoring should be encouraged to promptly act against emerging menaces and guarantee the welfare of local pig populations.

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High detection frequency and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Namibian backyard farms and warthogs

Molini,

Coetzee,

Christians

et al. 2024

Acta Tropica

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Molecular Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection in Pigs in Namibia

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019

The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019

First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa

High detection frequency and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Namibian backyard farms and warthogs

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