Molecular insights into artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: An updated review

Azmi, Wihda Aisarul; Rizki, Andita Fitri Mutiara; Djuardi, Yenny; Artika, I Made; Siregar, Josephine E.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105460

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…The treatment uses artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artemether, dihydroartemisinin, and artesunate, in combination with other drugs [ 9 ]. The ACT therapeutic scheme is necessary due to the emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites [ 10 , 11 ]. Genomic studies enabled the identification and tracking of genetic mutations in the parasite (reference Chaves et al, 2022, for a better review on this topic) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tiny Green Army: Fighting Malaria with Plants and Nanotechnology

Moraes-de-Souza,

de Moraes,

Silva

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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Malaria poses a global threat to human health, with millions of cases and thousands of deaths each year, mainly affecting developing countries in tropical and subtropical regions. Malaria’s causative agent is Plasmodium species, generally transmitted in the hematophagous act of female Anopheles sp. mosquitoes. The main approaches to fighting malaria are eliminating the parasite through drug treatments and preventing transmission with vector control. However, vector and parasite resistance to current strategies set a challenge. In response to the loss of drug efficacy and the environmental impact of pesticides, the focus shifted to the search for biocompatible products that could be antimalarial. Plant derivatives have a millennial application in traditional medicine, including the treatment of malaria, and show toxic effects towards the parasite and the mosquito, aside from being accessible and affordable. Its disadvantage lies in the type of administration because green chemical compounds rapidly degrade. The nanoformulation of these compounds can improve bioavailability, solubility, and efficacy. Thus, the nanotechnology-based development of plant products represents a relevant tool in the fight against malaria. We aim to review the effects of nanoparticles synthesized with plant extracts on Anopheles and Plasmodium while outlining the nanotechnology green synthesis and current malaria prevention strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tiny Green Army: Fighting Malaria with Plants and Nanotechnology

Moraes-de-Souza,

de Moraes,

Silva

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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“…The pfk13 ( Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 ) gene, which encodes the Kelch protein is located on chromosome 13 of P. falciparum [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The pfk13 gene comprises three exons and two introns, encoding a protein with multiple Kelch repeats that form a β-propeller structure [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine Efficacy and Molecular Markers in Uncomplicated Falciparum Patients: A Study across Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong, Vietnam

Tran,

Hien,

Dung

et al. 2024

Medicina

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Background and Objectives: Malaria continues to be a significant global health challenge. The efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has declined in many parts of the Greater Mekong Subregion, including Vietnam, due to the spread of resistant malaria strains. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Dihydroartemisinin (DHA)–Piperaquine (PPQ) regimen in treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria and to conduct molecular surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance in Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong provinces. Materials and Methods: The study included 63 uncomplicated malaria falciparum patients from therapeutic efficacy studies (TES) treated following the WHO treatment guidelines (2009). Molecular marker analysis was performed on all 63 patients. Methods encompassed Sanger sequencing for pfK13 mutations and quantitative real-time PCR for the pfpm2 gene. Results: This study found a marked decrease in the efficacy of the DHA-PPQ regimen, with an increased rate of treatment failures at two study sites. Genetic analysis revealed a significant presence of pfK13 mutations and pfpm2 amplifications, indicating emerging resistance to artemisinin and its partner drug. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the standard DHA-PPQ regimen has sharply declined, with rising treatment failure rates. This decline necessitates a review and possible revision of national malaria treatment guidelines. Importantly, molecular monitoring and clinical efficacy assessments together provide a robust framework for understanding and addressing detection drug resistance in malaria.

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“…These parasites are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes, and malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries [2]. In 2021, according to the World Health Organization, an estimated 247 million malaria cases were recorded among the 84 malaria-endemic countries, with the African region accounting for around 95% of the total cases globally [3]. Aside from that, 13.4 million cases between 2019 and 2021 were aggravated by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Microfluidic PCR Chip Device Using CFD Software for the Detection of Malaria

Austria,

Garcia,

Caparanga

et al. 2023

Computation

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is one of the molecular methods in amplifying DNA for the detection of malaria. However, the collection and transportation of samples and the processing and dissemination of results via conventional PCR, especially when used for routine clinical practice, can hamper the technique’s sensitivity and specificity. The rampancy of such disease in the Philippines is aggravated by the limited supply of medical machinery and the poor economic state of the country; thus, the need to innovate a device for the early detection of malaria is necessary. With that, this study focuses on designing a microfluidic device that will mimic the function of a conventional genus-specific PCR based on the 18S rRNA gene to detect malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum) at low-grade parasitemia. The design was intended to be portable, accessible, and economical, which none from past literature has dealt with specifically for malaria detection. This in silico design is a first in the country specially crafted for such reasons. The proposed device was developed and simulated using ANSYS software for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses. The simulation shows that adding loops to the design increases its relative deviation but minimally compared to having only a straight path design. This indicates that looping is acceptable in designing a microfluidic device to minimize chip length. It was also found that increasing the cross-sectional area of the fluid path decreases the efficiency of the design. Lastly, among the three materials utilized, the chip made of polypropylene is the most efficient, with a relative deviation of 0.94 compared to polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane, which have relative deviations of 2.78 and 1.92, respectively. Future researchers may mesh the 44-cycle microfluidic chip due to the limitations of the software used in this study, and other materials, such as biocomposites, may be assessed to broaden the application of the design.

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Molecular insights into artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: An updated review

Cited by 5 publications

References 161 publications

Tiny Green Army: Fighting Malaria with Plants and Nanotechnology

Tiny Green Army: Fighting Malaria with Plants and Nanotechnology

Evaluation of Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine Efficacy and Molecular Markers in Uncomplicated Falciparum Patients: A Study across Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong, Vietnam

Designing Microfluidic PCR Chip Device Using CFD Software for the Detection of Malaria

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