Molecular imaging of autism spectrum disorder

Hwang, Brian Jaeho; Mohamed, Mona A.; Brašić, James Robert

doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1397606

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Positron emission tomography (PET) studies revealed that healthy children between two and five years of age showed an elevated 5-HT synthesis, with a subsequent decline at puberty. Children with autism did not show this decline in the ability to synthesize serotonin over time, and the levels were significantly lower in these children at the age of two to five as compared with the controls, slightly increasing with age [58,59].…”

Section: Serotoninmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Neurochemistry of Autism

et al. 2020

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and epigenetic factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of autism and provoke the occurrence of neuroanatomical and neurochemical events relatively early in the development of the central nervous system. Many neurochemical pathways are involved in determining ASD; however, how these complex networks interact and cause the onset of the core symptoms of autism remains unclear. Further studies on neurochemical alterations in autism are necessary to clarify the early neurodevelopmental variations behind the enormous heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder, and therefore lead to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of autism. In this review, we aim to delineate the state-of-the-art main research findings about the neurochemical alterations in autism etiology, and focuses on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, N-acetyl aspartate, oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin, melatonin, vitamin D, orexin, endogenous opioids, and acetylcholine. We also aim to suggest a possible related therapeutic approach that could improve the quality of ASD interventions. Over one hundred references were collected through electronic database searching in Medline and EMBASE (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), ERIC (Proquest), PubMed, and the Web of Science (ISI).

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Section: Serotoninmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Neurochemistry of Autism

et al. 2020

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“…A growing number of neuroimaging studies have investigated functional or structural changes in the brains of people with autism. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings indicated that there was an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in ASD patients (Hwang et al, 2017). PET and SPECT confirmed the disorder of neurotransmitters and glucose metabolism in patients with ASD (Zürcher et al, 2015; Mitelman et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Functional Connectivity in Children With Low-Function Autism Spectrum Disorders

Yang

et al. 2019

Front. Neurosci.

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Neuroimaging studies have shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may be associated with abnormalities in brain structures and functions at rest as well as during cognitive tasks. However, it remains unclear if functional connectivity (FC) of all brain neural networks is also changed in these subjects. In this study, we acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging scans from 93 children with ASD and 79 matched healthy subjects. Group independent component analysis was executed for all of the participants to estimate FC. One-sample t -tests were then performed to obtain the networks for each group. Group differences in the different brain networks were tested using two-sample t -tests. Finally, relationships between abnormal FC and clinical variables were investigated with Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results from one-sample t -tests revealed nine networks with similar spatial patterns in these two groups. When compared with the controls, children with ASD showed increased connectivity in the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) within the occipital pole network. Children with ASD also showed decreased connectivity in the left gyrus rectus, left middle occipital gyrus, right angular gyrus, right MFG and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), orbital part within the lateral visual network (LVN), the left IFG, right precuneus, and right angular gyrus within the left frontoparietal (cognition) network. Furthermore, the mean FC values within the LVN showed significant positive correlations with total score of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Our findings indicate that abnormal FC extensively exists within some networks in children with ASD. This abnormal FC may constitute a biomarker of ASD. Our results are an important contribution to the study of neuropathophysiological mechanisms in children with ASD.

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“…PET provides an invaluable tool to determine precisely the occupancy of each receptor affected by lumateperone. 21,46 The utilization of PET along with behavioral, cognitive, physiological, 90 and environmental measurements 14,89,91 provide a foundation for optimal clinical trials of schizophrenia, 10,15 and other neuropsychiatric disorders 92–100 and medical disorders. 101–103 PET will provide a tool to identify the effects of lumateperone on neurotransmitter systems already studied 21,46 and other possible pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of lumateperone in the treatment of schizophrenia

Syed

Brašić

2021

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology

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Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder resulting in marked morbidity and mortality despite the optimal use of all currently available interventions. For this reason, the release of lumateperone (CaptylaR), also known as ITI-007, an orally administered, atypical antipsychotic provided a welcome novel tool for clinicians to utilize precision medicine to tailor an optimal treatment plan to the specific needs of each person with schizophrenia. To generate a foundation for clinicians to assess the risks and benefits of lumateperone in relation to other interventions for schizophrenia, we conducted a search of items for ‘ITI-007’ and ‘lumateperone’ on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and www.clinicaltrials.gov . We present a critical evaluation of the limited information about lumateperone for schizophrenia, its use approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Lumateperone merits consideration for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and for patients with schizophrenia who are vulnerable to developing metabolic dysfunction and movement disorders. On the other hand, lumateperone should not be used for (a) women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, children, adolescents, and elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis, (b) patients who are at risk for cerebrovascular diseases, (c) patients who use inducers and moderate or strong inhibitors of the cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) isozyme, and (d) patients who use alcohol and other sedating agents. Clinical trials from multiple centers without financial conflicts of interest to market lumateperone are needed to directly compare and contrast lumateperone and other antipsychotic agents to generate trustworthy evidence to be assessed objectively by clinicians treating patients with schizophrenia. Future investigations will provide the foundations to identify the evidence for comprehensive evaluations of the role of lumateperone in the treatment of people with schizophrenia and other conditions.

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Molecular imaging of autism spectrum disorder

Cited by 29 publications

References 128 publications

The Neurochemistry of Autism

The Neurochemistry of Autism

Altered Functional Connectivity in Children With Low-Function Autism Spectrum Disorders

The role of lumateperone in the treatment of schizophrenia

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