Molecular Identification of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Azoxystrobin in Cercospora nicotianae

Abstract

Cercospora nicotianae, the causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS) of tobacco, has been exposed to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides for over a decade through azoxystrobin applications targeting other major foliar diseases. From 2016 to 2018, a total of 124 isolates were collected from tobacco fields throughout Kentucky. Sensitivity of these isolates to azoxystrobin was previously characterized by determining the effective concentration to inhibit 50% conidial germination (EC50). Based on azoxystrobin EC50, isolates were categorized into three discrete groups: high azoxystrobin sensitivity (< 0.08 µg/ml), moderate azoxystrobin sensitivity (0.14 to 0.64 µg/ml) and low azoxystrobin sensitivity (> 1.18 µg/ml). Variability in sensitivity in a limited number of C. nicotianae isolates was previously shown to be a result of resistance mutations in the fungicide target gene. To improve understanding of C. nicotianae cytochrome b (cytb) structure, the gene was cloned from three isolates representing each EC50group, and sequences were compared. Our analysis showed that cytb gene in C. nicotianae consists of 1161 nucleotides encoding 386 amino acids. Cytb sequence among the cloned isolates was identical with the exception of the F129L and G143A point mutations. To more rapidly determine the resistance status of C. nicotianae isolates to azoxystrobin, a PCR assay was developed to screen for mutations. Using this assay, 80% (n=99) of testedC. nicotianae isolates carried an F129L mutation and were moderately resistant to azoxystrobin, and 7% (n=9) carried the G143A mutation and were highly resistant. A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis suggested the PCR assay is a robust diagnostic tool to identify C. nicotianae isolates with different sensitivity to azoxystrobin in Kentucky tobacco production. The prevalence of both the F129L and G143A mutations in C. nicotianae from Kentucky differs from other pathosystems where resistance to QoI fungicides has been identified, in which the majority of sampled isolates of the pathogen species have a broadly-occurring cytb mutation.

Sensibilidad y resistencia a fungicidas de <i>Cercospora kikuchii</i>, agente causal del tizón de la hoja y mancha púrpura de la semilla de la soja

“…Al igual que lo sucedido en Luisiana (Price et al, 2015), Bolivia (Sautua et al, 2019a) y Brasil (de Mello et al, 2021a, en Argentina solo la mutación G143A en el gen cytb fue hallada responsable de las fallas de control del TH en campos tratados con QoI. No se identificaron otras mutaciones conocidas en este gen en otros patosistemas por conferir resistencia, tales como F129L y G137R (Pasche et al, 2005;Semar et al, 2007;Sierotzki et al, 2007;Young et al, 2010;Vaghefi et al, 2016;Li et al, 2020), en ninguno de los 65 aislados evaluados y secuenciados. La mutación G143A es el mecanismo de resistencia más frecuente a los fungicidas QoI en los patógenos de plantas (Sierotzki, 2015).…”