Molecular–genetic aspects of plant immunity to phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi

Abstract

Recent investigations in phytoimmunology have extended the classical views on plant immunity, thus providing the modern concept of phytoimmunity. According to the current vision, the protection of plant organisms against pathogen attacks is determined by functioning of multilayered immune system in combination with structures and mechanisms of specific and nonspecific innate immunity. Perception by plant membrane receptors of the conserved molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, as well as perception of molecules released from the host cell walls under the impact of pathogen hydrolytic enzymes, constitutes the basal (nonspecific) immunity of plants. Detection of pathogen effector molecules by intrac ellular plant receptors triggers specific immunity reactions, including the development of hypersensitive response, systemic resistance, and the immune memory. Virulence factors alongside with the strategies of pathogen attack, on the one hand, and the components of plant immune system, on the other hand, are the result of a permanent coevolution reminiscent of "an arms race and counterattacks" between the warring par ties. The basic molecular-genetic aspects of specific and nonspecific immunity in plants exposed to fungal and bacterial phytopathogens are discussed in the light of modern advances in phytoimmunology.

Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activity Evaluation and Quantitative Proteome Profiling of Oxadiazoles Bearing Flexible Heterocyclic Patterns

“…Wheat scab, capsicum wilt, late blight, gray mold, and powdery mildew caused by pathogenic fungi or oomycetes are other kinds of typical plant diseases that can seriously interrupt the normal growth of a wide range of crops and vegetables, thereby remarkably influencing the product appearance, yield, and quality. , Nematode diseases, especially those caused by root-knot nematodes, which can strongly offend and assault more than 3000 kinds of plant species worldwide, have become intractable problems to be addressed. , Concurrently, pathogenic microorganisms also rapidly and widely propagate via insects, wind, rainwater, susceptible species, and humans over long-range distances . Therefore, the effective control of these plant diseases is highly required because plants do not have the same immune systems as animals do; thus, plants cannot make a rapid and adequate response to fight against these diseases . At present, the most efficient and useful strategy is based on pesticide chemicals due to their fast actions toward adversaries. , However, frequent usage and abuse of existing pesticides have led to an expeditious and insubordinate behavior from the processed objects and the subsequent emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms, thereby further aggravating the comprehensive governance of this situation and potentially elevating great risks toward human health. − In view of this occurrence, hunting and developing outstanding antimicrobial surrogates are heavy responsibilities in agriculture.…”

Cell-wall-degrading enzymes produced in vitro and in vivo byRhizoctonia solani, the causative fungus of peanut sheath blight

“…Consistent with these results, traces of CWDE activity were detected in healthy tissues in our study (although Cx could not be detected in the extract from leaves of the Bs cultivar), but we cannot exclude that this trace activity was due to the experimental conditions, for example, the use of a clear plastic bag to maintain high humidity for plant growth. Although plants activate the immune system when they encounter pathogenic microorganisms, including secreting enzyme ( Shafikova & Omelichkina, 2015 ), in the current study the sampled tissues were necrotic and macerated due to infection by the pathogen. Therefore, we suggest that it is very likely that the major contribution to the overall quantity of the CWDEs present in the diseased tissue extract sis of fungal origin.…”

Молекулярные Аспекты Иммунитета Растений И Их Коэволюции С Насекомыми

“…Много внимания уделяется факторам, вызывающим ответную реакцию. Если для патогенов этот вопрос уже во многом прояснен [14,96,121], то понимание таких механизмов у насекомых только формируется. Отправным пунктом является повреждение растения насекомыми при питании, однако разные вредители (например, чешуекрылые, трипсы или тли) повреждают ткани неодинаково, соответственно неодинаковы и формирующиеся сигнальные соединения.…”