Molecular evolutionary and antigenic characteristics of newly isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Guangdong province, China

Zhang, Jipei; Huiji, WU; Zhang, Yishan; Cao, Mengji; Brisse, Morgan; Zhu, Wanjun; RongXu, Li; Min-fang, Liu; Cai, Mingsheng; Chen, Jianhong; Chen, Jidang

doi:10.1007/s00705-018-4103-4

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, since the implementation of the new live-poultry trading policy in Guangdong Province, the proportion of H9N2 subtype AIVs isolated in Southern China has decreased. After 2013, the viruses isolated from several provinces were most similar to the strains from Eastern China ( Zhang et al, 2019 ; Gao et al, 2021 ; Guo et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2022 ), which is consistent with our analysis that the epidemiological center of H9N2 AIVs has shifted to Eastern China. With our monitoring of the live-poultry market in Foshan, we found that Eastern China was an early epidemic center for clade A and clade B.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

et al. 2023

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012–2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014–2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

et al. 2023

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“…The close genetic similarity of an A(H9N2) isolate detected in a broiler flock in Iran at the end of 2017 and A(H9N2) strains in Pakistan and other neighbouring Middle-Eastern countries provided additional evidence of a continued circulation of the G1-lineage A(H9N2) in the region (Fallah Mehrabadi et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019) found that internal gene sequences of four A(H9N2) viruses from domestic birds in 2015-2016 in China (Guangdong) are similar to human A(H7N9) viruses.…”

Section: Information Extracted From the Scientific Literaturementioning

confidence: 89%

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Adlhoch¹,

Kuiken²,

Monne³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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No human infections due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) or A(H5N6) viruses ‐ detected in wild birds and poultry outbreaks in Europe ‐ have been reported so far and the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered very low. Between 16 November 2018 and 15 February 2019, two HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in wild birds in Denmark and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) in captive birds in the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). Genetic characterisation of the HPAI A(H5N6) viruses reveals that they cluster with the A(H5N6) viruses that have been circulating in Europe since December 2017. The wild bird species involved were birds of prey and were likely infected due to hunting or scavenging infected wild waterfowl. However, HPAI virus was not detected in other wild birds during this period. Outside the EU, two HPAI outbreaks were reported in poultry during the reporting period from western Russia. Sequence information on an HPAI A(H5N6) virus found in a common gull in western Russia in October 2018 suggests that the virus clusters within clade 2.3.4.4c and is closely related to viruses that transmitted zoonotically in China. An increasing number of outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa and the Middle East was observed during the time period for this report. Currently there is no evidence of a new HPAI virus incursion from Asia into Europe. However, passive surveillance systems may not be sensitive enough if the prevalence or case fatality in wild birds is very low. Nevertheless, it is important to encourage and maintain a certain level of passive surveillance in Europe testing single sick or dead wild birds and birds of prey as they may be sensitive sentinel species for the presence of HPAI virus in the environment. A well‐targeted active surveillance might complement passive surveillance to collect information on HPAI infectious status of apparently healthy wild bird populations.

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“…For H9N2, molecular signatures of antigenicity are poorly characterized. Over 40 amino acid positions have been described for the H9 HA as antigenically relevant, mainly through generating escape mutants using mouse monoclonal antibodies and/or inferred from HI data ( 12 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 34 , 37 , 43 , 44 ). Using chicken sera, 24 amino acid positions distributed over the entire H9 HA were considered antigenically relevant ( 16 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica )

Carnaccini,

Cáceres,

Gay

et al. 2023

J Virol

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Influenza A viruses (FLUAV) of the H9N2 subtype are zoonotic pathogens that cause significant economic damage to the poultry industry. Vaccination to prevent and control H9N2 infections in poultry is widely employed in the Middle East and Asia. We used phylogenetics and antigenic analysis to study the antigenic properties of the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) using sera produced in Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica ). Consensus HA1 sequences were generated to capture antigenic diversity among isolates. We constructed chimeric H9N2 viruses containing the HA1 of each consensus sequence on a constant isogenic backbone. The resulting viruses were used to generate antisera from quail, a common and significant minor poultry species whose anti-HA response profiles remain poorly defined. Antigenic maps were generated by plotting the cross-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) data from the panel of quail sera against the chimeric constructs and 51 H9 field isolates. The chimeric antigens were divided into four different antigenic profiles (cyan, blue, orange, and red). Site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed nine amino acid positions of antigenic relevance. Substitutions at amino acid positions 149, 150, and 180 (H9 HA numbering) had relatively significant impact on HI activity using quail sera. Substitutions E180A and R131K/E180A led to the most significant antigenic change transitions. This study provides insights into the antigenic profile of H9 FLUAVs, with important implications for understanding antigenic drift and improving vaccine development for use in minor poultry species. IMPORTANCE Determining the relevant amino acids involved in antigenic drift on the surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) is critical to understand influenza virus evolution and efficient assessment of vaccine strains relative to current circulating strains. We used antigenic cartography to generate an antigenic map of the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) using sera produced in one of the most relevant minor poultry species, Japanese quail. Key antigenic positions were identified and tested to confirm their impact on the antigenic profile. This work provides a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of the H9 HA as it relates to reactivity to quail sera and will facilitate a rational approach for selecting more efficacious vaccines against poultry-origin H9 influenza viruses in minor poultry species.

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Molecular evolutionary and antigenic characteristics of newly isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Guangdong province, China

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica )

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