Molecular evolution and genomics of hepatitis B virus subgenotype C2 strain predominant in the chronic patients in Bangladesh

Abstract

Evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a mystery and caused mainly by genomic mutations as well as recombination. Viral evolution may be responsible for increasing disease severity and render resistance to the existing treatment processes. HBV/C2 strain is associated with chronicity, which may progress to the liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, HBV/C2 strain is highly prevalent in the chronic hepatitis B patients in Bangladesh. Hence, the molecular evolution of that strain and its disease pattern need to be uncovered. Herein, the purpose of this study is to determine the potential mutations of HBV complete genome sequences isolated in Bangladesh and the molecular evolution of HBV/C2 strain. Mutation analysis of the total 57 complete genome sequences of HBV in Bangladesh revealed that 42.11%, 12.28%, 7.02% and 3.51% of the strains were vaccine resistant, HBsAg detection escape, HBV immunoglobulin escape, multi-drug resistant respectively. Furthermore, of the vaccine resistant strains, 16.67% were observed resistant to both vaccine, HBsAg detection and immunoglobulin escape. Bayesian skyline analysis with 462 HBV/C2 strains from 2000 to 2017 revealed the evolution of the strain was in nineteenth century with two rapid sharp increases in the genetic diversity at the end of the twentieth century and then a sudden decrease in the early twenty-first century as observed in C and X gene analysis. This study may help researchers and clinicians to get a better knowledge about the emergence and evolution of HBV/C2 strain that may help to find a proper treatment strategy against hepatitis B.

Genetic Analysis of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Yellow Chickens in Southern China over the Past Decade: Revealing the Changes of Genetic Diversity, Dominant Genotypes, and Selection Pressure

“…Different structural protein genes of the IBVs had different time of the most recent ancestor. This phenomenon was also reported in other viruses [51,66,67]. The data of tMRCA estimated from our study suggested IBV has been already circulating in field for a period before its first outbreak.…”

“…Although IBV was discovered in 1930s, it is thought that it may have a long history as a species. The similar results were reported in other viruses [66,67]. In our early study, maybe unavailability of advanced diagnostic and sequencing technologies, the backyard poultry farming, inefficient surveillance systems, and limited financial resources resulted in the non-detection of IBV isolates for such a long time in Guangxi.…”

High Frequency of Antiviral Resistance Mutations in HBV Genotypes A2 and H: Multidrug Resistance Strains in Mexico

“… 3 This prevalence was lower than that reported in Bangladesh (3.5%). 52 The highest prevalence of multidrug resistance has been found in Korea, at 34.2%. 53 A study in China reported a 25% incidence of multidrug resistance in patients treated with 3TC and ADF.…”

Experiments Investigating the Competitive Growth Advantage of Two Different Genotypes of Human Metapneumovirus: Implications for the Alternation of Genotype Prevalence

“…There may seem to have a phenomenon that no matter how virus input ratio was used, competition existed between the two subtypes and genotype B predominated in the animal models eventually. We speculated that the competitive advantage of subtype B may be related to its strong virulence 47,48 , so we designed experiments to infect mice with A and B subtype or mixed subtypes to detect the severity of disease. However, based on our in vivo animal experiment results, the severity of illness was not related to infection with genotypes A and B in terms of weight changes (Fig.…”