Molecular evidence of the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) using bax/bcl-2 ratio after brain ischemia in senescence-accelerated mice, strain prone-8

Lǚ, Gang; Wu, Yan; Mak, Y. T.; Wai, Sen Mun; Feng, Zhong Tang; Rudd, John A.; Yew, David T.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.138

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There was, however, a difference in the paper of Lu et al (2006) (also from our group) and the present study, as the former used a much higher dosage (100 mg per animal of 50 g) and for a shorter period of time while this present study was a more chronic one, and employed a lower dosage (2 mg/kg, human equivalent). Further, that paper was on ischemic animals while this one was not.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Chronic Egb 761 Administratcontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…Until 3 Months of Age In previous studies, we have shown that EGb 761 had a protective action when used subacutely to prevent neurodegeneration and apoptosis in young and aged SAMP-8 mice (Lu et al, 2006). There was, however, a difference in the paper of Lu et al (2006) (also from our group) and the present study, as the former used a much higher dosage (100 mg per animal of 50 g) and for a shorter period of time while this present study was a more chronic one, and employed a lower dosage (2 mg/kg, human equivalent).…”

Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Chronic Egb 761 Administratmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Indeed, our own studies showed that subacute administration of EGb 761 reduced the bax/bcl-2 ratio in several brain areas of young and aged mice (senescence-accelerated mice, strain prone-8; SAMP-8), subjected to ischemia/reperfusion, confirming a neuroprotective action (Lu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…We decided to focus our studies on the cerebellum, since it represents a discrete anatomical area of the CNS, with well-defined and readily identifiable neuronal constituents, and where tail pinching produces local changes in transmitter function (Mendlin et al, 1996). The dose of EGb 761 used in the present studies was based on our earlier work showing reductions in apoptosis in several brain areas after global ischemia/reperfusion injury (Lu et al, 2006), and in previous experiments detailing beneficial effects of chronic administration of EGb 761 on the hippocampus of SAMP-8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the cerebellum of aging SAMP mouse—A TUNEL, bcl‐2, and fMRI study

Wai

Rudd

Chan

et al. 2007

Microscopy Res & Technique

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EGb 761, an extract from Ginkgo biloba that possesses neuroprotective properties, was fed to a strain of fast aging mice (SAMP-8) beginning at 3 weeks of age until they were sacrificed at 3 months and 11 months, respectively, along with an age-matched control group without herbal feeding. The aim of the study was to determine (1) the status of apoptosis and the status of bcl-2, a molecule involved in the fate of cells following injury, in the cerebella of these mice and (2) to analyze the functional changes as shown by fMRI images. The data indicated that there were no differences in apoptosis between the mice fed with EGb 761 and the control group at the two time points of 3 and 11 months of age. For bcl-2 positive cells, there was a decrease in density only in the cerebella of 11-month-old mice fed with the herbal extract when compared with controls. Functional studies indicated that while no changes were observed in the 3-month-old mice fed with Ginkgo biloba, an expansion of activated sites, possibly related to "synaptic reorganization and pathway alteration," was observed in the 11-month-old mice.

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Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Chronic Egb 761 Administratcontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Chronic Egb 761 Administratmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the cerebellum of aging SAMP mouse—A TUNEL, bcl‐2, and fMRI study

Wai

Rudd

Chan

et al. 2007

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…Bilobalide has also been shown to inhibit downstream signaling of NMDA in rat hippocampal cells [87]. EGb761, a FG extract containing flavonoids and terpenes, have displayed antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects [88]. Specific NMDA-R binding site(s) of FG have not been located, but a group has found that FG extract particles of smaller than 100 nm (as compared to particles in the micrometer range) may show improved water solubility, delivery across the blood-brain barrier, and efficacy in inhibiting the NMDA-induced current [85].…”

Section: Experimental Evidence Of Individual Herbs In Modulating Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Evidence of Chinese Herbal Constituents with Effects on NMDA Receptor Blockade

et al. 2013

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NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) is an important molecular entity governing a wide range of functions in the central nervous system. For example, the NMDA-R is involved in memory and cognition, and impairment of both (as in Alzheimer’s Disease) is attributed to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. With greater understanding of the NMDA-R structure, antagonists with varying degrees of binding-site and subtype selectivity have been developed and put into clinical use. Discovery of target-specific Chinese herbs have also been made in parallel. This article provides an overview of the known active sites on the NMDA-R, followed by a discussion of the relevant herbs and their constituents. Experimental evidence supporting the inhibitory role of the herbal compounds on the NMDA-R is highlighted. For some of the compounds, potential research directions are also proposed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the herbs. It is envisaged that future investigations based on the present data will allow more clinically relevant herbs to be identified.

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Are Herbal Compounds the Next Frontier for Alleviating Learning and Memory Impairments? An Integrative Look at Memory, Dementia and the Promising Therapeutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines

Jesky

Chen

2011

Phytotherapy Research

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Recent advances in neuroscience have revealed a greater, in-depth understanding of the complexities associated with memory. Contemporary theories hold that an integral relationship between memory formation, stabilization and consolidation revolve around plasticity of neuronal networks. The associated requisite receptors α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and cellular mechanisms surrounding plasticity (posed to incite molecular functionality), also display strong correlations in the pathogenesis of dementias. When the brain is in a diseased state as a result of malignant neurotransmission (i.e. in Alzheimer's disease; AD), the homeostatic balance required for normal neuronal processes is disrupted, which leads to degeneration of neural circuitry. Present efforts to find new treatments aimed at reversing or halting neurodegeneration are immense, with increasing attention being placed on investigating various herbal medicines. A wide variety of herbal plants (i.e. Panax ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia, Acorus gramineus and Huperzia serrata, examined here within), extracts and compounds have, to date, already presented advantageous results when tested against known pathogenic markers related to AD-associated dementia. The efficaciousness of herbal medicines appears to be a modulatory effect on neurotrophins, kinases and their substrates that, in turn, initiate or take part in intracellular cascades related to memory processes.

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Molecular evidence of the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) using bax/bcl-2 ratio after brain ischemia in senescence-accelerated mice, strain prone-8

Cited by 34 publications

References 20 publications

The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the cerebellum of aging SAMP mouse—A TUNEL, bcl‐2, and fMRI study

The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the cerebellum of aging SAMP mouse—A TUNEL, bcl‐2, and fMRI study

Current Evidence of Chinese Herbal Constituents with Effects on NMDA Receptor Blockade

Are Herbal Compounds the Next Frontier for Alleviating Learning and Memory Impairments? An Integrative Look at Memory, Dementia and the Promising Therapeutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines

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