Molecular Epidemiology of Novirhabdoviruses Emerging in Iranian Trout Farms

Ahmadivand, Sohrab; Palić, Dušan; Weidmann, Manfred

doi:10.3390/v13030448

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, some of these imports are probably not under sufficient veterinary care because of the economic and political situation. Additionally, Iranian fish farms are closely connected and exchange eggs, fry and fish annually, creating several opportunities for the virus to spread throughout the industry (Ahmadivand, Palić, and Weidmann, 2021 ). Therefore, the results of the current study highlight the need to implement strict regulations on the trade of fish eggs to prevent the spread of the virus to other regions of the world where rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) are farmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of Iranian infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on the glycoprotein gene

Kafi

Ghalyanchilangeroudi

Nikaein

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background: Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is known as one of the most contagious systemic viral diseases in salmonids which can lead to significant mortality rates and negative impacts on the salmonid farming industry. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was first detected in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Iran in 2003. Objectives: We conducted the present study to determine the detection of IHN genotypes in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in farms in the central parts of Iran, using molecular and phylogenetic techniques.Methods: Samples were collected from fries exhibiting clinical signs such as darkening of the skin, abdominal swelling, and loss of appetite. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by the neighbour-joining method, using MEGA 5.1 software. For phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of IHNV from central parts of Iran, the sequences of the glycoprotein gene were determined for two Iranian isolates (Jahad-UT1 and Jahad-UT2).Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the detected strains (Jahad-UT1 and Jahad-UT2 isolates) are closely related (97.23%-100%) to European isolates within genogroup 'E' . Conclusions:This finding indicates that Jahad-UT1 and Jahad-UT2 isolates have been widely transferred to Iran from European countries. Moreover, the nucleotide diversity of these Iranian isolates showed a close relationship with the North American and Asian isolates, although the Iranian isolates were collected from a smaller geographical area and within a shorter time period between 2014 and 2015.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of Iranian infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on the glycoprotein gene

Kafi

Ghalyanchilangeroudi

Nikaein

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…Iranian fish farms are tightly interconnected and exchange eggs, small fry, and fish, thus providing an opportunity for the spread of viruses across the sectors. This frequent exchange of viruses between farms might be the main reason for the close identity of the Iranian isolates with each other ( Ahmadivand et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic analyses unveiled genetic stratification and differential natural selection signatures across the G-gene of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

et al. 2022

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Introduction: Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the most lethal pathogen in aquaculture, infecting more than 140 fish species in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus is an enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and the genus Novirhabdovirus. The current study is designed to infer the worldwide Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates’ genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics based on G-gene sequences.Methods: The complete G-gene sequences of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus were retrieved from the public repositories with known timing and geography details. Pairwise statistical analysis was performed using Arlequin. The Bayesian model-based approach implemented in STRUCTURE software was used to investigate the population genetic structure, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA X and IQ-TREE. The natural selection analysis was assessed using different statistical approaches, including IFEL, MEME, and SLAC.Results and Discussion: The global Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus samples are stratified into five genetically distinct subpopulations. The STRUCTURE analysis unveiled spatial clustering of genotype Ia into two distinct clusters at K = 3. However, at K = 5, the genotype Ia samples, deposited from Denmark, showed temporal distribution into two groups. The analyses unveiled that the genotype Ia samples stratified into subpopulations possibly based on spatiotemporal distribution. Several viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus samples are characterized as genetically admixed or recombinant. In addition, differential or subpopulation cluster-specific natural selection signatures were identified across the G-gene codon sites among the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates. Evidence of low recombination events elucidates that genetic mutations and positive selection events have possibly driven the observed genetic stratification of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus samples.

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“…The stability of FerritVac and ferritin NPs in 100 µL 20 mM Tris-HCl and 50 mM NaCl buffer (pH: 8.0) was measured by DLS under different storage conditions of 4°C and -80°C freeze-thaw after 2 weeks and under the same conditions found in the gastrointestinal tract of trout (pH:8.0 and pH:3.0) at the optimum temperature for trout fry culture and IHNV infection (15°C) for 2 and 4 h ( 8 , 30 ). The pH of the buffer was adjusted with HCl and then exchanged using Pierce Protein Concentrator columns (ThermoFisher, DE).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), the enveloped (-) ss RNA virus of the Rhabdoviridae family, is the major cause of significant losses in the global trout and salmon aquaculture industry, with mortality rates reaching 90%, mainly in small fish. Neither therapeutic treatment nor a safe/mass delivery global commercial IHNV vaccine is currently available ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assembling ferritin nanoplatform for the development of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus vaccine

Ahmadivand,

Krpetic,

Martínez

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Self-assembling protein nanoparticles are used as a novel vaccine design platform to improve the stability and immunogenicity of safe subunit vaccines, while providing broader protection against viral infections. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of the WOAH-listed IHN diseases for which there are currently no therapeutic treatments and no globally available commercial vaccine. In this study, by genetically fusing the virus glycoprotein to the H. pylori ferritin as a scaffold, we constructed a self-assembling IHNV nanovaccine (FerritVac). Despite the introduction of an exogenous fragment, the FerritVac NPs show excellent stability same as Ferritin NPs under different storage, pH, and temperature conditions, mimicking the harsh gastrointestinal condition of the virus main host (trout). MTT viability assays showed no cytotoxicity of FerritVac or Ferritin NPs in zebrafish cell culture (ZFL cells) incubated with different doses of up to 100 µg/mL for 14 hours. FerritVac NPs also upregulated expression of innate antiviral immunity, IHNV, and other fish rhabdovirus infection gene markers (mx, vig1, ifit5, and isg-15) in the macrophage cells of the host. In this study, we demonstrate the development of a soluble recombinant glycoprotein of IHNV in the E. coli system using the ferritin self-assembling nanoplatform, as a biocompatible, stable, and effective foundation to rescue and produce soluble protein and enable oral administration and antiviral induction for development of a complete IHNV vaccine. This self-assembling protein nanocages as novel vaccine approach offers significant commercial potential for non-mammalian and enveloped viruses.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Novirhabdoviruses Emerging in Iranian Trout Farms

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of Iranian infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on the glycoprotein gene

Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of Iranian infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on the glycoprotein gene

Population genetic analyses unveiled genetic stratification and differential natural selection signatures across the G-gene of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

Self-assembling ferritin nanoplatform for the development of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus vaccine

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