Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Africa

Muwonge, Adrian; Egbe, Franklyn; Bronsvoort, Mark; Areda, Demelash B.; Hlokwe, Tiny Motlatso; Michel, Anita Luise

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_8

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The molecular network output provided the best approximation to the empirical network in terms of topology and epidemic characteristics. This finding suggests added potential of using archived spoligotype and MIRU-VNTR M. bovis data to infer networks [19]. Furthermore, the molecular network captured more routes than the empirical network.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Inferring livestock movement networks from archived data to support infectious disease control in developing countries

Muwonge

Bessell

Porphyre

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The use of network analysis to support livestock disease control in low middle-income countries (LMICs) has historically been hampered by the cost of generating empirical data in the absence of animal movement recording schemes. To fill this gap, methods which exploit freely available demographic and archived molecular data can be used to generate livestock networks based on gravity and phylogeographic modelling techniques, respectively. However, questions remain on the performance of these methods in capturing the topology of empirical networks. Here, we compare output from these network methodologies to a network constructed from either empirical data or randomly generated data. To facilitate this comparison, the spread of infectious diseases was simulated, it is this evaluation that demonstrates their potential utility to inform robust livestock disease control strategies. The molecular network was the closest approximation to the empirical network, both in relation to topological and epidemic characteristics, whereas size of epidemics in the gravity network tended to be larger, better agreement across all three networks was observed when; a) total nodes infected, b) percentage infection take off were compared. These methods consistently identified the same important animal movement and trade hotspots as the empirical networks. We therefore consider this proof-of-concept that demographic data such as censuses and archived molecular data could be repurposed to inform livestock disease management in LMICs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In this regard, considerable amount of molecular data has been collected over the years as part of research activities [16–18]. In particular, molecular data on Mycobacterium bovis , the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis which currently exist in form of spoligotypes and MIRU-VNTR types for cattle in Cameroon [16,17,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring livestock movement networks from archived data to support infectious disease control in developing countries

Muwonge

Bessell

Porphyre

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Nevertheless, it was possible to estimate the divergence of the Af1 clade from the remaining M. bovis to a period ranging from the year 1003 to 1361 AD (Fig. 3), making it unlikely that Af1 was originally brought to West Africa by Europeans [55].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An African origin forMycobacterium bovis

Loiseau

Menardo

Aseffa

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Lay Summary: Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae are both the most important agents 37 of tuberculosis in livestock and zoonotic tuberculosis in humans. Using phylogenetic and 38 molecular clock inferences based on an extensive collection of whole-genome sequences 39 we provide new insights into the global population structure, phylogeography and 40 evolutionary history of these pathogens. 41 42 Word count abstract: 180 43 Word count main text: 4366 44 Number of Figures: 3 45 46 ABSTRACT 47 48 Background and objectives 49 Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae are the two most important agents of 50 tuberculosis (TB) in livestock and the most important causes of zoonotic TB in humans. 51However, little is known about the global population structure, phylogeography and 52 evolutionary history of these pathogens. 53 Methodology 54We compiled a global collection of 3364 whole-genome sequences from M. bovis and M. 55 caprae originating from 35 countries and inferred their phylogenetic relationships, geographic 56 origins and age. 57 Results 58Our results resolve the phylogenetic relationship among the four previously defined clonal 59 complexes of M. bovis, and another eight newly described here. Our inferences indicate that 60 M. bovis emerged in East Africa likely between the 4 th and 10 th century. While some M. bovis 61 groups remained restricted to East-and West Africa, others have subsequently dispersed to 62 different parts of the world. 63 Conclusions and implications 64Our results allow a better understanding of the global population structure of M. bovis and its 65 evolutionary history. This knowledge can be used to define better molecular markers for 66 epidemiological investigations in settings where whole genome sequencing cannot easily be 67 implemented. 68 69 70 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 71 Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important burden for global health and the economy [1]. TB is 72 the number one cause of human death due to infection globally, with an estimated 10.0 73 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths occurring every year [1]. TB is caused by members 74 of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which includes seven human-adapted 75 lineages, and several animal-adapted ecotypes including M. bovis and M. caprae. Animal TB 76 complicates the control of human TB due to the zoonotic transfer of TB bacilli from infected 77 animals to exposed human populations through e.g. the consumption of unpasteurized milk or 78 handling of contaminated meat [2]. M. bovis and M. caprae are the most important agents of 79 TB in livestock and the most important agents of zoonotic TB in humans, causing at least 147 80 000 new human cases and 12 500 deaths yearly [1, 3]. Zoonotic TB caused by M. bovis also 81 poses a challenge for patient treatment, due to its natural resistance to pyrazinamide (PZA), 82 one of the four first-line drugs used in the treatment of TB. In addition, TB in livestock 83 accounts for an estimated loss of three billion US dollars per year [4]. In Africa its prevalence 84 is highes...

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“…There was very little European taurine introgression from Holstein and Jersey breeds in both the Fulani and mixed cattle. Unlike other African countries, there has been very limited introduction of European breeds into Cameroon (Muwonge et al, 2019 ). Fulani cattle are kept by pastoral communities for dual purpose (meat and milk) and this lack of differentiation means that such a breed was less likely to be targeted for breed improvements by cross breeding with European taurine breeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Cameroon Cattle and a Putative Genomic Map for Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis

et al. 2020

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Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a livestock disease of global economic and public health importance. There are currently no effective vaccines available for livestock and so control relies on animal level surveillance and pasteurization of dairy products. A new alternative control approach is to exploit the genetic variability of the host; recent studies have demonstrated that breeding European taurine cattle, such as Holsteins for increased resistance to bTB is feasible. The utility of such an approach is still unknown for African cattle populations. This study aims to assess genetic variation in bTB resistance and the underlying genomic architecture of cattle in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,346 slaughter cattle in Cameroon. Retropharyngeal lymph node samples were collected and cultured on Lowenstein Jensen media and the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, and M. bovis was identified using the Hain® Genotype kits. A total of 153 cattle were positive for M. bovis and were archived along with a random selection of negative samples. In this study, we genotyped archived samples from 212 cattle. Their genomic diversity was characterized using PCA, hierarchical clustering and admixture analysis. We assessed genetic variation in bTB resistance using heritability analysis and compared quantitative trait loci. Previous research on this study population have shown that Fulani cattle are more susceptible to bTB than mixed breeds. However, here we show that these apparent phenotypic differences in breeds are not reflected by clear genomic differences. At the genetic level, both the Fulani and mixed cattle show similar patterns of admixture with evidence of both taurine and indicine ancestry. There was little European taurine introgression within the studied population. Hierarchical clustering showed clusters of cattle that differed in their susceptibility to bTB. Our findings allude to bTB resistance being polygenic in nature. This study highlights the potential for genetic control of bTB in Africa and the need for further research into the genetics of bTB resistance within African cattle populations.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 89 publications

Inferring livestock movement networks from archived data to support infectious disease control in developing countries

Inferring livestock movement networks from archived data to support infectious disease control in developing countries

An African origin forMycobacterium bovis

Genetic Diversity of Cameroon Cattle and a Putative Genomic Map for Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis

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