Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Italy, 2002–2007

Magurano, Fabio; Fortuna, Claudia; Marchi, Antonella; Benedetti, Eleonora; Bucci, Paola; Baggieri, Melissa; Nicoletti, Loredana

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-9-284

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In Italy a rapid disappearance of several genotypes [16,[34][35][36] and the emergence of B3 and D8 as endemic genotypes was observed in the recent years [36][37][38]. This seems to be in line with the global trends as MVs originally imported from Africa (B3) and Asia (D8) are currently causing large outbreaks worldwide [14,15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Molecular Epidemiology of B3 and D8 Measles Viruses through Hemagglutinin Phylogenetic History

Bianchi

Canuti

Ciceri

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Of the 24 known measles genotypes, only D8 and B3 are responsible for outbreaks in the last years in Europe, Asia, and America. In this study the H gene of 92 strains circulating between 2015 and 2019 in Lombardy, Northern Italy, and 1273 H sequences available in GenBank were analyzed in order to evaluate the genetic variability and to assess the conservation of the immunodominant sites. Overall, in Lombardy we observed the presence of four different B3 and three different D8 clusters, each one of them including sequences derived from viruses found in both vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. Worldwide, the residue 400 within the H protein, a position located within the main immune epitope, is mutated in all circulating strains that belong to the two globally endemic genotypes, B3 and D8. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of measles virus (MV) H gene sequencing. Indeed, the monitoring the H protein epitopes of circulating strains could be included in the measles laboratory surveillance activities in order to improve and optimize strategies for measles control, as countries go towards elimination phase.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Molecular Epidemiology of B3 and D8 Measles Viruses through Hemagglutinin Phylogenetic History

Bianchi

Canuti

Ciceri

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Although urine was used for genetic tests in T-Me cases in earlier studies [20,21], the specimen might not be suitable for M-Me cases based on our results ( Table 2). Taken together, for certain detection of MeV-RNA using rRT-PCR, it is worth considering the specimen collection of whole blood and throat swab from cases suspected of M-Me.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Detection of modified measles and super-spreader using a real-time reverse transcription PCR in the largest measles outbreak, Yamagata, Japan, 2017 in its elimination era

et al. 2018

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We aimed to verify the effectiveness of real-time reverse transcription (rRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting cases of modified measles (M-Me) and for predicting super-spreader candidates through the experience of a measles outbreak dominated by M-Me in Yamagata, Japan, during March-April 2017. We applied rRT-PCR to specimens from 35 cases of M-Me, nine cases of typical measles (T-Me) and nine cases of prodromal stage of T-Me (P-Me). From rRT-PCR among the M-Me cases, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed the highest positive rate (80.0%), followed by throat swab (48.6%), urine (33.3%) and serum (3.1%). The negative result of PBMC in M-Me cases was recovered by the result of a throat swab. In specimens of PBMC, throat swab and urine, M-Me group showed the significantly higher cycle of threshold (i.e., lower viral load) in the rRT-PCR than T-Me and P-Me groups, respectively. Furthermore, three super-spreaders in T-Me or P-Me showed an extremely low cycle of threshold in their throat swab specimens. rRT-PCR using PBMC and throat swab might be helpful for clinical management and measles control by certain detection of M-Me cases and by predicting super-spreading events resulting from measles cases with the high viral load.

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“…While measles cases fell dramatically from 2004 onwards, numerous outbreaks involving susceptible populations have occurred, leading to periodic and often marked increases, notably in 2008, 2011, and 2017. 29–31 While clusters involving susceptible communities with low vaccine uptake (chiefly Roma/Sinti communities) are well known 32 , 33 and widely commented upon in the media, 34–36 most outbreaks have involved unvaccinated Italian nationals, in particular infants <1 year and unvaccinated older children and adults; 29–31 including health-care workers (HCWs) who act an important vector in nosocomial infection. 37 , 38 Most recently, a significant increase occurred in 2017 (5,400 cases), driven by outbreaks across most of the country, although the greatest burden was in central regions (especially Lazio) and the North.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving measles status and immunization policy development in six European countries

Vojtek

Larson

Plotkin

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Developing and implementing new immunization policies in response to shifting epidemiology is a critical public health component. We adopted a mixed-methods approach (via narrative literature review [101 articles] and 9 semi-structured interviews) to evaluate policy development in response to shifting measles epidemiology in six European countries (Italy, Belgium, Germany, Romania, UK, and Ukraine); where policies and strategies have evolved in response to country-specific disease and vaccination patterns. Periodic outbreaks have occurred in all countries against a background of declining measles-containing-vaccine (MCV) uptake and increasing public vaccine hesitancy (with substantial regional or social differences in measles burden and vaccine uptake). Health-care worker (HCW) vaccine skepticism is also seen. While many outbreaks arise or involve specific susceptible populations (e.g., minority/migrant communities), the broader pattern is spread to the wider (and generally older) population; often among incompletely/non-vaccinated individuals as a legacy of previous low uptake. Immunization policy and strategic responses are influenced by political and social factors, where public mistrust contributes to vaccine hesitancy. A strong centralized immunization framework (allied with effective regional implementation and coherent political commitment) can effectively increase uptake. Mandatory vaccination has increased childhood MCV uptake in Italy, and similar benefits could be anticipated for other countries considering vaccine mandates. Although possible elsewhere, socio-political considerations render mandating impractical in other countries, where targeted immunization activities to bolster routine uptake are more important. Addressing HCW skepticism, knowledge gaps, improving access and increasing public/community engagement and education to address vaccine hesitancy/mistrust (especially in communities with specific unmet needs) is critical.

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Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Italy, 2002–2007

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of B3 and D8 Measles Viruses through Hemagglutinin Phylogenetic History

Molecular Epidemiology of B3 and D8 Measles Viruses through Hemagglutinin Phylogenetic History

Detection of modified measles and super-spreader using a real-time reverse transcription PCR in the largest measles outbreak, Yamagata, Japan, 2017 in its elimination era

Evolving measles status and immunization policy development in six European countries

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