Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses from Pakistan in 2009–2010

Aamir, Uzma Bashir; Badar, Nazish; Mehmood, Muhammad Rashid; Nisar, Nadia; Suleman, R.; Shaukat, Shehzad; Sharif, Salman; Kamran, Jaleel; Zaidi, Syed Sohail Zahoor; Kazi, Birjees Mazher; Gubareva, Larisa V.; Xu, Xinhua; Garten, Rebecca; Klimov, Alexander

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041866

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Therefore, they usually have less time to spend with the family to discuss the importance or the role of religious clerics during such pandemics. In the past, Pakistan has experienced SARS, MERS, H1N1 flu, and dengue (Khan et al, 2008;Hakim et al, 2011;Aamir et al, 2012;Saqib et al, 2017). In the history of Pakistan, religious clerics have not been active in case of any endemic and have not played a pivotal role in spreading awareness about the outbreaks of different diseases or taking any necessary measure.…”

Section: Belief In Religious Clericsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: A Psychosocial Perspective

2020

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The World Health Organization declares coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, and The World Economic Forum argues that the COVID-19-induced global lockdown is the biggest psychological experiment. This study is an attempt to empirically evaluate the possible adverse psychosocial effects caused by COVID-19-related lockdown, if any. To do so, a cross-sectional study is conducted based on a comprehensive online survey using snowball sampling to analyze the level of social and psychological impacts (i.e., stress, belief in stakeholders, fear of losing job, and life satisfaction) during the early stage of the outbreak in Pakistan. The questionnaire is filled out by the residents in Pakistan including working professionals and students (sample size is 428). We find that the development of stress due to COVID-19-induced lockdown is particularly because of mood swings. Additionally, a higher prevalence of stress in the children of highly educated mothers is evident (95% confidence). To assess the belief in stakeholders, we focus gender, demographics, and education. It is observed that parental education and age significantly affect the belief in several stakeholders (i.e., government, media, religious clerics, and family). The lockdown-induced fear of losing job is lower in female and male children whose fathers are graduates. Lastly, we observe that food storage and “no fear of losing job” significantly increases the odds of life satisfaction. These findings have important implications in the context of social insurance, parental education, and policy related to COVID-19 at various levels. This study further facilitates to understand the factors that might affect the mental health and life satisfaction of people during such pandemics.

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Section: Belief In Religious Clericsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: A Psychosocial Perspective

2020

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“…Since then, no comprehensive assessment of the surveillance data has been conducted. Previous studies in Pakistan have looked at the molecular epidemiology and clinical factors associated specifically with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection during the 2009 to 2010 pandemic 15,16 . Another study analyzed influenza surveillance data for the period 2008 to 2011 in only four sentinel sites 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies in Pakistan have looked at the molecular epidemiology and clinical factors associated specifically with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection during the 2009 to 2010 pandemic. 15,16 Another study analyzed influenza surveillance data for the period 2008 to 2011 in only four sentinel sites. 3 Thus, the present study was carried out in eight sentinel sites in…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Influenza among patients with influenza‐like illness and severe acute respiratory illness in Pakistan: A 10‐year surveillance study 2008‐17

Nisar

Aamir

Badar

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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In Pakistan, the burden of influenza was largely unknown, as no formal surveillance system was in place. In 2008, an influenza surveillance system was set up in eight sentinel sites. This study describes the epidemiology of influenza virus using a 10‐year surveillance data from 2008 to 2017. Nasopharyngeal/throat swabs were collected from patients with influenza‐like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) along with relevant epidemiological information. The samples were tested using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction for the detection and characterization of influenza viruses. A total of 17 209 samples were tested for influenza, out of which 3552 (20.6%) were positive; 2151/11 239 (19.1%) were patients with ILI, whereas 1401/5970 (23.5%) were patients with SARI. Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 was the predominant strain with 40.6% (n = 1442) followed by influenza B (936, 26.4%). Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 was predominant among the children (5‐14 years) and adults (15‐64 years). Influenza B strain was predominantly found in the elderly age group (≥ 65 years) accounting for 48% of cases followed by children (2‐4 years) accounting for 37% of cases. This 10‐year surveillance data provides evidence of influenza activity in the country throughout the year with seasonal winter peaks. The results could be used to strengthen the epidemic preparedness and response plan.

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“…[1][2][3] Influenza A virus subtypes H3N2 (A/H3N2) and H1N1 (A/ H1N1), and influenza B virus have been circulating in the human population every winter, and account for 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and 250 000 to 500 000 deaths annually, mostly caused by secondary bacterial pneumonia in young children and the elderly. [4][5][6][7] To reduce the public health burden of influenza, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends annual influenza vaccination and recommends the four strains to be included in vaccine composition. Seasonal vaccine strains are recommended twice a year because of the differences in the duration of winter in the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular genetic characteristics of influenza A virus clinically isolated during 2011‐2016 influenza seasons in Korea

Lee

Noh

Song

et al. 2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThe influenza virus is reportedly associated with 3‐5 million cases of severe illness and 250 000‐500 000 deaths annually worldwide.ObjectivesWe investigated the variation of influenza A virus in Korea and examined the association with death.MethodsA total of 13 620 cases were enrolled in the Hospital‐based Influenza Morbidity & Mortality surveillance system in Korea during 2011‐2016. Among these cases, a total of 4725 were diagnosed with influenza using RT‐PCR (influenza A; n = 3696, influenza B; n = 928, co‐infection; n = 101). We used 254 viral sequences from the 3696 influenza A cases for phylogenetic analysis using the BioEdit and MEGA 6.06 programs.ResultsWe found that the sequences of A/H3N2 in the 2011‐2012 season belong to subgroup 3C.1, whereas the sequences in the 2012‐2013 season pertain to subgroup 3C.2. The sequences in the 2013‐2014 and 2014‐2015 seasons involve subgroups 3C.3a and 3C.2a. The A/H1N1pdm09 subtype belongs to subgroup 6 and contains two clusters. In addition, sequence analysis confirmed the several substitutions of internal genes and gene substitutions associated with drug resistance (I222V in NA and S31N in M2) in the fatal cases. While statistical analysis found no significant associations between genetic differences in the viruses and mortality, mortality was associated with certain host factors, such as chronic lung disease.ConclusionsIn conclusion, influenza A virus clade changes occurred in Korea during the 2011‐2016 seasons. These data, along with antigenic analysis, can aid in selecting effective vaccine strains. We confirmed that fatality in influenza A cases was related to underlying patient diseases, such as chronic lung disease, and further studies are needed to confirm associations between mortality and viral genetic substitutions.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses from Pakistan in 2009–2010

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

COVID-19: A Psychosocial Perspective

COVID-19: A Psychosocial Perspective

Epidemiology of Influenza among patients with influenza‐like illness and severe acute respiratory illness in Pakistan: A 10‐year surveillance study 2008‐17

Molecular genetic characteristics of influenza A virus clinically isolated during 2011‐2016 influenza seasons in Korea

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