Molecular Epidemiology of an Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Caused by
            <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>
            in Cold-Smoked Rainbow Trout

Miettinen, Minja; Siitonen, Anja; Heiskanen, Paul; Haajanen, H.; Björkroth, K. Johanna; Korkeala, Hannu

doi:10.1128/jcm.37.7.2358-2360.1999

Cited by 202 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Infection arises when the food chain includes vegetables (Heisick et al, 1989) and fruit (Cosgrove et al, 2012) that are contaminated by environmental sources and/or wild animals. Intermittent outbreaks of human disease associated with the consumption of contaminated dairy (Linnan et al, 1988;Miettinen et al, 1999a;Lyytikainen et al, 2000), fishery (Ericsson et al, 1997;Miettinen et al, 1999b) and meat products (de Valk et al, 2001;Olsen et al, 2005) can result when food-processing plants are contaminated for extended time periods and when such food products were stored for long periods of time prior to consumption. However, it remains uncertain whether all environmental isolates of L. monocytogenes are potentially capable of causing disease in humans and animals, or whether individual clades are particularly virulent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ubiquitous nature of Listeria monocytogenes clones: a large‐scale Multilocus Sequence Typing study

Haase

Didelot

Lecuit

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

131

135

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Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitously prevalent in natural environments and is transmitted via the food chain to animals and humans, in whom it can cause life-threatening diseases. We used Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of ∼2000 isolates of L. monocytogenes to investigate whether specific associations existed between clonal complexes (CCs) and the environment versus diseased hosts. Most CCs (72%) were not specific for any single source, and many have been isolated from the environment, food products, animals as well as from humans. Our results confirm that the population structure of L. monocytogenes is largely clonal and consists of four lineages (I-IV), three of which contain multiple CCs. Most CCs have remained stable for decades, but one epidemic clone (CC101) was common in the mid-1950s and very rare until recently when it may have begun to re-emerge. The historical perspective used here indicates that the central sequence types of CCs were not ancestral founders but have rather simply increased in frequency over decades.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ubiquitous nature of Listeria monocytogenes clones: a large‐scale Multilocus Sequence Typing study

Haase

Didelot

Lecuit

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

131

135

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“…Therefore, contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) food products by Listeria monocytogenes is of great concern to consumers and causes significant losses to the food industry. Cold-smoked fish has been linked to outbreaks of listeriosis (Brett et al 1998;Miettinen et al 1999;Jemmi et al 2002) and has been categorized as a high-risk food, with an estimated 6AE2 cases of listeriosis occurring per billion servings (FDA ⁄ USDA 2003). In cold-smoked salmon, the frequency of contamination by L. monocytogenes may range from 10 to 30% and reaches 75% in some situations (Embarek 1994;FDA 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior frozen storage enhances the effect of edible coatings against Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon during subsequent refrigerated storage

Neetoo

Chen

2011

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Listeria monocytogenes is a major safety concern for ready‐to‐eat foods. The overall objective of this study was to investigate whether prior frozen storage could enhance the efficacy of edible coatings against L. monocytogenes on cold‐smoked salmon during subsequent refrigerated storage. Methods and Results: A formulation consisting of sodium lactate (SL, 1·2–2·4%) and sodium diacetate (SD, 0·125–0·25%) or 2·5% Opti.Form (a commercial formulation of SL and SD) was incorporated into each of five edible coatings: alginate, κ‐carrageenan, pectin, gelatin and starch. The coatings were applied onto the surface of cold‐smoked salmon slices inoculated with L. monocytogenes at a level of 500 CFU cm−2. In the first phase, the slices were first frozen at −18°C for 6 days and stored at 22°C for 6 days. Alginate, gelatin and starch appeared to be the most effective carriers. In the second phase, cold‐smoked salmon slices were inoculated with L. monocytogenes, coated with alginate, gelatin or starch with or without the antimicrobials and stored frozen at −18°C for 12 months. Every 2 months, samples were removed from the freezer and kept at 4°C for 30 days. Prior frozen storage at −18°C substantially enhanced the antilisterial efficacy of the edible coatings with or without antimicrobials during the subsequent refrigerated storage. Conclusions: Plain coatings with ≥2 months frozen storage and antimicrobial edible coatings represent an effective intervention to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes on cold‐smoked salmon. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the conjunct application of frozen storage and edible coatings to control the growth of L. monocytogenes to enhance the microbiological safety of cold‐smoked salmon.

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“…As seafood is popular and associated with human listeriosis (Ericsson et al 1997;Miettinen et al 1999;Farber et al 2000;Rørvik et al 2000), prevalence studies are important in the identification of health hazards and to prevent human disease (Nakamura et al 2004;Vitas & Garcia-Jalon 2004;Gudmundsdottir et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, sometimes both the storage time and temperature will be longer/ higher. Such products have also been associated with an outbreak of listeriosis in Sweden and Finland (Ericsson et al 1997;Loncarevic et al 1998;Miettinen et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravad (Gravlax) and cold‐smoked salmon, still a potential source of listeriosis

et al. 2009

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Gravad (Gravlax) and cold-smoked salmon are associated with human listeriosis in Sweden. The present investigation of Listeria monocytogenes in salmon was a follow-up of a similar study in the middle of the 1990s. Since our first study, there has been an increasing focus on food hygiene in general and specially on self-inspection and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points from the authorities and food producers. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 11 (three manufacturers) of the 56 products analyzed. The highest level of L. monocytogenes was 1500 cfu/g from a cold-smoked salmon product; however, the level was low (<100 cfu/g) in most products. Serovar 1/2a was predominant, followed by 4b. restriction enzyme analysis/ pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of the 56 salmon isolates identified five types of L. monocytogenes. One type was identical to a human type, whereas two other were closely related. These findings suggest that gravad and coldsmoked salmon are still possible sources of listeriosis in Sweden.

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Molecular Epidemiology of an Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-Smoked Rainbow Trout

Cited by 202 publications

References 13 publications

The ubiquitous nature of Listeria monocytogenes clones: a large‐scale Multilocus Sequence Typing study

The ubiquitous nature of Listeria monocytogenes clones: a large‐scale Multilocus Sequence Typing study

Prior frozen storage enhances the effect of edible coatings against Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon during subsequent refrigerated storage

Gravad (Gravlax) and cold‐smoked salmon, still a potential source of listeriosis

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