Molecular Epidemiology and Brief History of Emerging Adenovirus 14–Associated Respiratory Disease in the United States

Abstract

The current geographic distribution of HAdV-14p1 involves at least 15 states in the Unites States. The role of the fiber mutations in the recent emergence of HAdV-14p1 ARD in North America warrants further study.

Deaths Associated with Human Adenovirus-14p1 Infections, Europe, 2009–2010

“…Isolates were passaged once in human embryonic lung carcinoma cells in 25-cm 2 flasks for detection of cytopathic effects and then subsequently expanded in 75-cm 2 flasks for extraction of viral DNA for restriction enzyme analysis as described ( 16 ). Viral DNA was digested with the same panel of endonucleases used to characterize the North American strain of HAdV-14 ( 7 ). …”

“…Real-time PCR specific for HAdV-11 and HAdV-14 ( 19 ) provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) was performed by using the ABI7500 SDS platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with 5 µL of template and the Platinum qPCR SuperMix-UDG kit (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) with 0.5-µmol/L forward and reverse primers and 0.1-µmol/L probe labeled at the 5′ end with 6-carboxyfluorescein and a 3′ quencher dye in 25-µL single-plex assays performed with the following cycling conditions: 50°C for 2 min, then 95°C for 2 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min, with data acquisition in the anneal/extension phase. Complete HAdV-14 fiber, E1A, and hexon genes were amplified as described ( 7 ) and sequenced bidirectionally. Nucleotide sequence data for HAdV-14p1 fiber, E1A, and hexon genes were submitted to GenBank (accession nos.…”

“…The fiber, E1A, and hexon genes of the Ireland HAdV-14p1 strains were compared with recently described US HAdV-14p1 strains ( 7 ) and reference sequences from HAdV B2 subgenera obtained from GenBank. The accession numbers for all sequences are included on the tree (Figure 1).…”

“…The subspecies B2 HAdV-14 (agent de Wit) was originally identified as an etiologic agent of acute respiratory disease in military recruits in the Netherlands during 1955 ( 5 ). Despite reports of subsequent outbreaks in Europe and Asia during the 1950s and early 1960s ( 6 ), global surveillance in the subsequent decades had not identified circulation of this serotype until spring 2006, when HAdV-14 emerged as a cause of a major proportion of acute febrile respiratory illness in military bases across the United States ( 7 – 9 ). In 2007, community-associated outbreaks were identified in California and New York ( 10 ), and during March–June 2008, ≈140 cases of HAdV-14 were identified in Oregon, Washington, and Texas.…”

“…During September 2008, an outbreak was reported with 32 cases of pneumonia on Prince of Wales Island off the coast of Alaska ( 11 ). In the United States, the earliest documented case of HAdV-14 infection, by retrospective testing, occurred in California during December 2003, and the most recent evidence of HAdV-14 had been in Pennsylvania during June 2009 ( 7 ). The virus has circulated uninterrupted in some military recruit camps (A.E.…”