“…This feature has led to difficulties in studying its epidemiology and infectious agent origins (Lucangeli et al, 2000). Different molecular typing methods have been developed to investigate the diversity and relationships between bacteria, and some approaches have been applied for typing the strains of Phdp , including ribotyping (Magariños et al, 1992); random‐amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis (Kawanishi et al, 2006; Magariños, Toranzo, Barja, & Romalde, 2000); amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Kvitt, Ucko, Colorni, Batargias, & Zlotkin, 2002; Thyssen et al, 2000); and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; Kijima‐Tanaka, Kawanishi, Fukuda, Suzuki, & Yagyu, 2007; Lucangeli et al, 2000). Among these techniques, PFGE is the most precise, reliable and reproducible tool for giving detailed genotyping analysis of the whole genome of bacteria.…”