Molecular diversity and high virulence of Legionella pneumophilastrains isolated from biofilms developed within a warm spring of a thermal spa

Chaabna, Zineddine; Forey, Françoise; Reyrolle, M.; Jarraud, Sophie; Atlan, Danièle; Fontvieille, Dominique; Gilbert, Christophe

doi:10.1186/1471-2180-13-17

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…IncA/C plasmids are typically larger (~150 kb) than others with lower conjugation efficiencies [ 24 , 40 , 41 ]. About 10% of E. coli isolates from our water samples harbored IncA/C plasmids and these were associated with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IncF Plasmids Are Commonly Carried by Antibiotic ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources in Northern Tanzania

Lyimo

Buza

Subbiah

et al. 2016

International Journal of Microbiology

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The aim of this study was to identify the replicon types of plasmids, conjugation efficiencies, and the complement of antibiotic resistance genes for a panel of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates from surface waters in northern Tanzania. Standard membrane filtration was used to isolate and uidA PCR was used to confirm the identity of strains as E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by breakpoint assay and plasmid conjugation was determined by filter-mating experiments. PCR and sequencing were used to identify resistance genes and PCR-based replicon typing was used to determine plasmid types. Filter mating experiments indicated conjugation efficiencies ranged from 10−1 to 10−7. Over 80% of the donor cells successfully passed their resistance traits and eleven different replicon types were detected (IncI1, FIC, P, FIIA, A/C, FIB, FIA, H12, K/B B/O, and N). IncF plasmids were most commonly detected (49% of isolates), followed by types IncI1 and IncA/C. Detection of these public health-relevant conjugative plasmids and antibiotic resistant traits in Tanzanian water suggests the possible pollution of these water sources from human, livestock, and wild animal wastes and also shows the potential of these water sources in the maintenance and transmission of these resistance traits between environments, animals, and people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IncF Plasmids Are Commonly Carried by Antibiotic ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources in Northern Tanzania

Lyimo

Buza

Subbiah

et al. 2016

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…Epidemiological studies unambiguously identified water as the main reservoir of Legionella . Man-made ecosystems (e.g., hot water and air conditioning systems, shower heads, humidifiers, cooling towers, and whirlpool baths) have been the source of several outbreaks of LD 2 3 4 5 . In particular, hospital water distribution systems serve as the primary reservoir for nosocomial legionellosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of aerosols containing Legionella generated upon nebulization

Allegra

Leclerc

Massard

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Legionella pneumophila is, by far, the species most frequently associated with Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Human infection occurs almost exclusively by aerosol inhalation which places the bacteria in juxtaposition with alveolar macrophages. LD risk management is based on controlling water quality by applying standardized procedures. However, to gain a better understanding of the real risk of exposure, there is a need (i) to investigate under which conditions Legionella may be aerosolized and (ii) to quantify bacterial deposition into the respiratory tract upon nebulization. In this study, we used an original experimental set-up that enables the generation of aerosol particles containing L. pneumophila under various conditions. Using flow cytometry in combination with qPCR and culture, we determined (i) the size of the aerosols and (ii) the concentration of viable Legionella forms that may reach the thoracic region. We determined that the 0.26–2.5 μm aerosol size range represents 7% of initial bacterial suspension. Among the viable forms, 0.7% of initial viable bacterial suspension may reach the pulmonary alveoli. In conclusion, these deposition profiles can be used to standardize the size of inoculum injected in any type of respiratory tract model to obtain new insights into the dose response for LD.

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“…Frequently, legionellosis outbreaks have been associated with cooling towers or hot tubs, but also with water fountains, potting soil and humidifiers [ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ]. It may take a long time, before the source of infection is found: Biofilm formation in a sulphur-rich warm spring on site was only recently traced to be the potential source of successive outbreaks of legionellosis in the same French thermal spa in 1986, 1994, and 1997 [ 29 ]. An example for a previously unknown infection reservoir for legionella is a wastewater treatment plant, which was found to be associated with the contamination of cooling towers, resulting in a community-wide outbreak of legionellosis in Germany in 2013 in which 159 people were affected and two patients died [ 30 ].…”

Section: Underestimated and Lesser-known Reservoirs Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesser-known or hidden reservoirs of infection and implications for adequate prevention strategies: Where to look and what to look for

Bloomfield

Exner

Flemming

et al. 2015

GMS Hygiene and Infection Control; 10:Doc04; ISSN 2196-5226

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Molecular diversity and high virulence of Legionella pneumophilastrains isolated from biofilms developed within a warm spring of a thermal spa

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

IncF Plasmids Are Commonly Carried by Antibiotic ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources in Northern Tanzania

IncF Plasmids Are Commonly Carried by Antibiotic ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources in Northern Tanzania

Characterization of aerosols containing Legionella generated upon nebulization

Lesser-known or hidden reservoirs of infection and implications for adequate prevention strategies: Where to look and what to look for

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