Molecular Diagnosis of Enteroviruses Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Sinha, DP; Raut, Chandrashekhar G.; Jayaprakash, H; Hanumaiah, H.; Shaikh, NJ; Manjunatha, MJ

doi:10.1007/s12098-014-1491-7

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…[ 14 15 16 ] The combined review of other 48 publications/reports in the English-language literature which could be retrieved and considered relevant for clinicoepidemiological and virological features of HFMD are tabulated in Supplementary Table S1 . [ 12 13 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 ] Ten studies did not mention period of outbreak. Ten publications reported only single cases, 4 studies reported 2-5 cases and 34 were original or hospital based studies, and government reports.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand, foot and mouth disease: A single centre retrospective study of 403 new cases and brief review of relevant indian literature to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of a long-lasting Indian epidemic

Sharma

Mahajan

Mehta

et al. 2022

Indian Dermatol Online J

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Background: There have been sporadic and periodic large-scale epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with cases at risk for significant morbidity and mortality particularly in Southeast Asia since 1997 and in India since early 2003. Method: We retrospectively studied 403 cases recorded from 2009 to 2019 and reviewed relevant Indian literature published between 2004 and 2019 to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of this long-lasting Indian epidemic. Result: There were 96.8% children and adolescents (M:F 1.6:1) aged 2 months to 18 years and 84% were aged <5 years. Adult family contacts comprised 3.2%. Only 12 sporadic cases occurred during 2009-2011 followed by increased number from 2012 to 2015 peaking with 30.8% cases in 2013 and declining slowly until the year 2019 with small resurge in 2018. The major peaks occurred during summers with small peaks in autumns. Literature review showed 3332 cases presenting between 2004 and 2019 across Indian states with similar epidemiological trends whereas serotyping identified Coxsackievirus A16 (CV A16) in 83%, Coxsackievirus A6 (CV A6) in 17%, Enterovirus 71 in 4.1%, and multiple strains in 11.7% samples, respectively. Conclusion: The overall features of this long-lasting HFMD epidemic; affecting children aged <5 years more often than adults, none or minimum neurological or pulmonary complications in few patients, peaks occurring during summer and autumn months, and identity of the pathogenic virus coincide with global trends. However, the continuous spread of the disease across the country appears in sync with pre-epidemic periods of China and Taiwan. It calls for a continuous surveillance and making HFMD a notifiable disease in India.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand, foot and mouth disease: A single centre retrospective study of 403 new cases and brief review of relevant indian literature to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of a long-lasting Indian epidemic

Sharma

Mahajan

Mehta

et al. 2022

Indian Dermatol Online J

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Structure-based virtual screening and fragment replacement to design novel inhibitors of Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)

Zhou,

Zhao,

Yang

et al. 2023

Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics

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Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in South Bengal and Kolkata: A Study Over 5 Years to Evaluate Cases With Clinical Suspicion

Roy¹,

SahaDalal

Dasgupta

et al. 2021

Global Journal for Research Analysis

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Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a very infective infection. It's caused by viruses from the Enterovirus genus, among the Enterovirus genus coxsackievirus is most commonly found associated with Hand , Foot and Mouth disease. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) causes rashes or vesicular lesions in the affected individuals and lesions are found in extremities and upper extremity lesion is more common along with feet and mouth. It is mostly seen in school going children, and causative agents are likely Enterovirus-A (EV-A) species, including Coxsackievirus-A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus-71 (EV-71) [1]. Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease is usullay mild and selimiting. In the affected patient's rst identied by a brief prodromal fever, followed by pharyngitis, mouth ulcers and rash on the hands and feet. The disease is caused by numerous members of the Enterovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae e.g. Coxsackievirus type A (CA) and Enterovirus 71 (EV71), and the clinical features are not identiable and distinguishable from virus to virus. [2] . Young children have the highest risk of getting hand, foot, and mouth disease. Risk increases if they attend daycare or school, as viruses can spread quickly in these facilities. Children usually build up immunity to the disease after being exposed to the viruses that cause it. This is why the condition rarely affects people over age 10. However, it's still possible for older children and adults to get the infection, especially if they have weakened immune systems. EV71 is a human enterovirus A species causing infection in clildren[3,4] . Clinically though it is mild symptoms and self limiting initially, such as a fever along with unraised colorless spots, and bumps on the hands, feet, and mouth. In some patients with severe disease several neurological complications (including cephalomeningitis, encephalitis, and neurogenic pneumonedema) and circulatory disorders. Occasionally, it even causes death [5]. Therefore, an early indicator of EV71 infection with neurological involvement is crucial for appropriate management [6]. Hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus infection repots severe complications (such as brain stem encephalitis, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and other fatal complications) and a high mortality due to HFMD are more frequently related to EV71 infection[7,8] .

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Molecular Diagnosis of Enteroviruses Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Hand, foot and mouth disease: A single centre retrospective study of 403 new cases and brief review of relevant indian literature to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of a long-lasting Indian epidemic

Hand, foot and mouth disease: A single centre retrospective study of 403 new cases and brief review of relevant indian literature to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of a long-lasting Indian epidemic

Structure-based virtual screening and fragment replacement to design novel inhibitors of Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in South Bengal and Kolkata: A Study Over 5 Years to Evaluate Cases With Clinical Suspicion

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