Molecular detection of Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in procyonids (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in Eastern Amazon, Brazil

BackgroundSurra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods.ResultsA total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle.ConclusionsThis study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of surra needs further investigation.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Therapeutic Strategies against Trypanosomiasis

Dkhil,

El-Ashram,

Abdel-Gaber

2023

Infectious Diseases

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Trypanosoma evansi, an extracellular protozoan parasite, causes camel trypanosomiasis, also known as “surra”. The parasite, which can be found in camels, dromedaries, horses, and other Equidae family members, can cause 3% mortality and up to 30% morbidity. This chapter focuses on trypanosome-related infections, including their morphology, classification, clinical manifestations, immuno-suppressive effects, and herbal remedies and nanoparticles for their prevention and treatment. The disease is transmitted through biting of an infected insect, usually a tsetse fly. It causes fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly, with parasite suppressing the host’s immune system, making them more susceptible to other infections. Current therapies for trypanosomiasis face challenges such as drug resistance, toxicity, and limited availability of expensive drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to look for trypanosomiasis chemotherapeutic drugs that are cheaper, more effective, readily available, and lethal. Nanomedicine approaches have been explored for treating parasitic diseases, as they efficiently transport drug molecules and enhance the biological effects of sustained drug release from nanocarriers, nanoemulsions, and quantum dots. Nanomaterials have shown promising functions in detecting and treating protozoan diseases like trypanosomiasis. Many studies have been published on nanoparticles with different physical and chemical properties that have demonstrated promising functions in increasing the effectiveness of trypanosome drugs.

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Molecular detection of Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in procyonids (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

High Trypanosoma vivax infection rates in water buffalo and cattle in the Brazilian Lower Amazon

High Trypanosoma vivax infection rates in water buffalo and cattle in the Brazilian Lower Amazon

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi

Therapeutic Strategies against Trypanosomiasis

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