Molecular detection of norovirus in sheep and pigs in New Zealand farms

Wolf, Sandro; Williamson, William Crawford; Hewitt, Joanne; Lin, Shen; Rivera‐Aban, Malet; Ball, Andrew; Scholes, Paula; Savill, M.; Greening, Gail E.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.019

Cited by 83 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The finding that wild-rodent populations contain distinct genogroup V noroviruses raises the possibility that these host species-virus associations are long-standing, possibly (Woode & Bridger, 1978;Liu et al, 1999; Zheng et al, 2006;Mattison et al, 2007) and sheep (Wolf et al, 2009 (Katzourakis & Gifford, 2010). Norovirus-related elements were not detected by this approach, and we have also failed to find norovirus-related sequences amongst eukaryotic genomes (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In other samples faeces were obtained by dissection from animals frozen shortly after death or from fresh litter, making degradation of virus RNA less probable as an explanation for the lack of detection of virus in these cases. We note that even amongst freshly collected faeces from communally housed laboratory mice, a third of samples were PCR negative, while virus levels can vary 1000-fold between different PCR-positive samples (Müller et al, 2007).The finding that wild-rodent populations contain distinct genogroup V noroviruses raises the possibility that these host species-virus associations are long-standing, possibly (Woode & Bridger, 1978;Liu et al, 1999; Zheng et al, 2006;Mattison et al, 2007) and sheep (Wolf et al, 2009 (Katzourakis & Gifford, 2010). Norovirus-related elements were not detected by this approach, and we have also failed to find norovirus-related sequences amongst eukaryotic genomes (data not shown).…”

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confidence: 89%

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Diversity of murine norovirus in wild-rodent populations: species-specific associations suggest an ancient divergence

Smith

McFadden

Blundell

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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A survey of wild-rodent populations has revealed that murine norovirus (MNV) is present and diverse in wild-house mice Mus musculus. This virus is genetically similar to MNV infecting show mice and previously described variants circulating in laboratory mice. The detection of MNV in wild-mouse populations suggests that MNV infection of laboratory mice and show mice (from which laboratory mice are derived) derives from contact with or their origins from wild-mouse progenitors. The survey additionally identified frequent infection of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) with genetically divergent variants of MNV. These viruses are distinct from previously described MNV variants, differing by 22-23 % over the complete genome sequence compared with a maximum of 13 % between M. musculus-derived strains. Comparison with other noroviruses reveals that the Apodemus MNV groups with MNV in genogroup V and shares the same overall genome organization, predicted lengths of proteins encoded by ORFs 1-3 and the existence of a conserved alternative reading frame in VP1 encoding a homologue of the MNV ORF4. Different Apodemus MNV isolates were as variable as MNV isolates and showed evidence for inter-isolate recombination. Our observation of species-specific associations of MNV variants in wild populations suggests that murine noroviruses have an ancient origin, a feature that they may share with other norovirus genogroups. INTRODUCTIONMurine norovirus (MNV) was first identified in laboratory mice deficient in both the recombination-activating gene 2 (RAG2) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gene (STAT1) (Karst et al., 2003). MNV infection appears to be widespread in laboratory mice, with serological evidence of infection found in 6-26 % of sera (Hsu et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2011) and PCR-positive results obtained in 23 % of samples (6-100 % in different facilities; Kim et al., 2010). MNV has been identified in a wide variety of inbred and transgenic mouse strains from laboratories across the world.The origin of MNV in laboratory mouse strains is unknown. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequences of 26 MNV variants suggests that MNV comprises a single group (genogroup V) of viruses that are more than 87 % identical to each other (Thackray et al., 2007). However, genetic subgroupings of MNV variants are associated with the animal facility of origin rather than country or mouse strain (Thackray et al., 2007;Kim et al., 2010;Barron et al., 2011). This could reflect sampling of MNV diversity present in the progenitors of modern laboratory mice, or the repeated introduction of MNV virus variants from unknown local hosts (Barron et al., 2011). Serological evidence for MNV infection has been reported for two of 31 wild mice trapped in Pennsylvania, USA (Parker et al., 2009), but no nucleotide sequence information is available to confirm the identity of these isolates.A zoonotic relationship between mice and humans for MNV is unlikely as there are no reports of MNV in humans. Zoonotic relationships for ot...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Diversity of murine norovirus in wild-rodent populations: species-specific associations suggest an ancient divergence

Smith

McFadden

Blundell

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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“…Even though different ages of pigs were tested, NoVs were detected only in finisher pigs (7). A Canadian study reported 25% prevalence (41), and many other studies found lower prevalence rates: 2% to 4.6% in Europe (5, 42), 9% in New Zealand (43), 8% in Brazil (44), and Ͻ1% to 15% in Asia (8,15,22). These differences could be due to different geographical locations, different ages of pigs sampled, or the use of different detection methods and primers with various specificities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

et al. 2013

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Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) are important human pathogens. Although the involvement of porcine NoVs in disease in pigs is unclear, they are genetically and antigenically closely related to human NoVs. Human NoV-like strains have been detected in pigs, raising public health concerns of potential interspecies transmission. Porcine SaVs are highly diverse and emerging in swine populations. Recently, at least three new genogroups of porcine SaVs have been proposed. In this study, we tested 413 pooled fecal samples collected from apparently healthy finisher pigs in North Carolina swine farms during 2009. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR coupled hybridization assays were performed to detect known porcine NoVs. The overall prevalence of porcine NoVs determined was 18.9% based on this method. Samples were then tested by RT-PCR targeting the 5= end of the capsid region for genogroup II (GII) NoVs, a group which includes human NoVs, followed by sequence analysis. All NoVs identified belonged to typical porcine NoV genotypes, and no human NoV-like strains were detected in specimens from these pigs. Porcine NoV-negative samples (n ‫؍‬ 335) were subsequently screened using universal calicivirus primers, and 17 SaV strains were confirmed by sequencing. Based on the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, they clustered with GIII, GVII, and GVIII and with currently unclassified SaVs. According to analysis of the complete capsid sequences, 7 representative strains clustered with GVII, GVIII, and GIX? SaVs. We tentatively classified SaVs into 14 genogroups based on the complete capsid protein VP1. In summary, porcine NoVs and highly divergent SaVs were present in North Carolina finisher pigs.

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“…Human NoVs include viruses from GI, GII, and GIV, with the GII.4 viruses being most commonly identified in both outbreak and sporadic settings (8). NoVs are also known to infect a wide range of mammals (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Recombination within the Pandemic Norovirus GII.4 Lineage

Eden

Tanaka

Boni

et al. 2013

J Virol

254

226

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e Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally. Since 1996, NoV variants of a single genetic lineage, GII.4, have been associated with at least six pandemics of acute gastroenteritis and caused between 62 and 80% of all NoV outbreaks. The emergence of these novel GII.4 variants has been attributed to rapid evolution and antigenic variation in response to herd immunity; however, the contribution of recombination as a mechanism facilitating emergence is increasingly evident. In this study, we sought to examine the role that intragenotype recombination has played in the emergence of GII.4 variants. Using a genome-wide approach including 25 complete genome sequences generated as part of this study, 11 breakpoints were identified within the NoV GII.4 lineage. The breakpoints were located at three recombination hot spots: near the open reading frame 1/2 (ORF1/2) and ORF2/3 overlaps, as well as within ORF2, which encodes the viral capsid, at the junction of the shell and protruding domains. Importantly, we show that recombination contributed to the emergence of the recent pandemic GII.4 variant, New Orleans 2009, and a newly identified GII.4 variant, termed Sydney 2012. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the GII.4 lineage reveals the widespread impact of both inter-and intragenotype recombination on the emergence of many GII.4 variants. Lastly, this study highlights the many challenges in the identification of true recombination events and proposes that guidelines be applied for identifying NoV recombinants.

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Molecular detection of norovirus in sheep and pigs in New Zealand farms

Cited by 83 publications

References 27 publications

Diversity of murine norovirus in wild-rodent populations: species-specific associations suggest an ancient divergence

Diversity of murine norovirus in wild-rodent populations: species-specific associations suggest an ancient divergence

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

Recombination within the Pandemic Norovirus GII.4 Lineage

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